mi kmaq family names in newfoundland mi kmaq family names in newfoundland

THE MIKMAQ PRESENCE IN HALLS BAY. In October 2013, members of the Elsipogtog First Nation in New Brunswick organized a demonstration against natural gas fracking being conducted on Crown land near their community. The Mi'kmaq language, one of the Algonkian family of languages, is rich and descriptive. (See also Religion and Spirituality of Indigenous Peoples in Canada). Originally published in 1977, Family Names of the Island of Newfoundland is a unique reference work, giving Newfoundlanders, both in the province and away, a fascinating look at their roots. [27] In 2021, a referendum passed changing terms of office to four years starting in 2024. a commercial fishery. THE MIKMAQ PRESENCE IN HALLS BAY. The Mikmaq (also Mi'gmaq, Lnu, Mikmaw or Migmaw; English: / m m /; Mikmaq: ) are a First Nations people of the Northeastern Woodlands, indigenous to the areas of Canada's The Metepenagiag Mi'kmaq Nation. The island's Indigenous population, the Beothuk, are said to have gone extinct in the early 1800s. The Mi'kmaq called themselves L'nu'k, meaning "the people." In 1763, after France was defeated by Britain in the Seven Years' War, it ceded all its land east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain, including the Mi'kmaq's traditional land. He was guided by a Mi'kmaw man named Sylvester Joe. Mikmaki. The question of the nature of Mi'kmaq occupancy of Newfoundland during the 17th and early 18th centuries is another controversial question. Mikmaw Camp. Glooscap and his grandmother, nephew and mother. Like other Indigenous peoples in the Eastern Woodlands region, Mikmaq practised art intrinsically linked to the natural world. In the past, the Grand Chief (Kji Sagamaw or Kji Saqmaw) was the head of state for the collective Mikmaq political body, which consisted of captains (keptins or kjikeptan), who led the council, wampum readers (putus or putus), who maintained treaty and traditional laws, and soldiers (smagnis), who POCZENIE MEDYCYNY I SZTUKI NA OLIBORZU ). August 13, 2008. They said that, while the government of Canada may have jurisdiction over who is an Indian, they do not have the constitutional right to determine who is a Mikmaw. took off around the world, receiving high praise from public figures, including the original songwriter, Sir Paul McCartney, as well as a tweet from the prime minister of Canada, Mikmaq culture and traditional religion is based on legendary figures like Glooscap (also written Kluscap) who is said to have formed the Annapolis Valley by sleeping on the land and using Prince Edward Island as his pillow. Julien Mius de Quinan 8. Millais observed that in the absence of a Catholic priest Conne River at Christmas time, Joe Jeddore was "high priest. Larry Arthur Muise Marie Philippe II Line B 1. Homes, churches and industries were abandoned and replaced with poor conditions and economic dependency. An Agreement-in-principle was reached in 2006, which the FNI accepted in 2007. From sparks of fire that Glooscap commanded to come forth, came seven men and seven women the founding families of the seven Migmagi districts. 2 Comments, Index: The Mikmaq in Canadian CensusRecords, Thesecensus posts are part of a larger project to identify the surnames that have appeared among Indigenous, Metis and Mixed-heritage people over the past few hundred years across what is now Canada. The 1726 treaty was the foundation for the subsequent treaties. The Mi'kmaq are the founding people of Nova Scotia and remain the predominant Aboriginal group within the province. Joseph Mius II 4. Signing up enhances your TCE experience with the ability to save items to your personal reading list, and access the interactive map. In 1949, when Newfoundland joined Confederation, Mikmaq communities were not recognized as First Nations under the Indian Act. The Mi'kmaq called themselves L'nu'k, meaning "the people." [6] After the Labrador Innu and Inuit left the Association in 1975, the organization was renamed as the Federation of Newfoundland Indians. Vistas: Little Thunder, Nance Ackerman & Alan Syliboy, National Film Board of Canada. Keep up with the family birthdays and anniversaries in the Events list. Other dedicated Aboriginal organizations operating in Nova Scotia include: Mikmaq Family and Childrens Services, the Mikmaw Legal Support Network, the Mikmaq Association for Cultural Studies, the Mikmaw Economic Benefits Office and the Unamaki Institute of Natural Resources. Posted by Evelyn Yvonne Theriault | Despite the pacifist lobbying of organizations like the Bay of Fundy Inshore Fishermens Association among their own members, some non-Indigenous fishermen destroyed Mikmaq traps and other equipment. effective management of the fishing and hunting economy. After the Beothuk people declined in the 1800s, the Mi'kmaq no longer shared Newfoundland's interior with anyone. [20] By 2021, nearly 24,000 people were recognized as founding members, in 67 Newfoundland communities and abroad. They settled along all principal rivers in this province, including the Avon and its tributaries. Maine and the Boston area. Mikmaki. [13][19] In 2018, the Qalipu First Nation announced that the updated Founding Members List for the Band was adopted by way of an Order in Council which came into effect on June 25, 2018. As with many Indigenous peoples in Canada, the Mikmaq are strongly affected by the lasting trauma of residential schools. "5 Prior to the passage of the 1876 Indian Act, the Mi'kmaq were governed by the Grand Council - Sant Mawimi - made up of representatives from the seven district councils in Mi'kma'ki. He along with some community members chose to go to a Mikmaq reserve in Eskasoni, Cape Breton with very close ties to the Conne River community.4748 Noel Jeddore appointed his son as Chief in the 1920s but his son refused.49 According to American anthropologist and University of Pennsylvania professor Frank Speck, one of his older Mi'kmaq informants described in detail how the Mi'kmaq made the sixty mile voyage across the Cabot Strait between Cape Ray on the south-western coast of Newfoundland and Cape North, Cape Breton in two days by birch bark canoes.5051, According to the Miawpukek First Nation, Jeddore said: "One time before they became Christians, Mikmaw were very strong, not even bullets could hurt them. In his MA thesis Butler citing Jackson described how under the leadership of Jeddore, the Mikmaq in the Bay DEspoir "lived in greater isolation and so were able both to retain their language well into the twentieth century and to continue their traditional practices of living as hunter-gatherers and commercial trappers. Mikmaki. Rene Charles de Breslay, Priest. Before Us. Bay St. George Regional Band Council, Port au Port East, Newfoundland. in Mikmaq went viral. Project Statistics. Names like Pilmuipkekatik (where mint grows along the brook) speak to a traditional way of naming lands and water features that was useful and practical for the people of the day. Mikmaq people have occupied their traditional territory, Migmagi, since time immemorial. Other Mikmaq communities did not reach agreements and continue to petition the federal government to recognize treaty rights. (Migmak, allies; Nigmak, our allies.Hewitt). Pursuant to the Private Business Use test set forth at 26 USC 141, the tax-exempt status of a bond issuance is jeopardized if more than 10% of the tax-exempt bond proceeds are used for Private . Aboriginal People in Nova Scotia | Government of Nova Scotia In 2015, there were 13 Mikmaq nations in Nova Scotia with a total registered population of 16,268. There is no central headquarters for the entire Micmac Tribe. Anne Mius 6. They translated the song into Mikmaq The Mikmaq believe that living a good, balanced life means respecting and protecting the environment and living in harmony with the people and creatures that live on the Ottawa scrambles to renegotiate 2008 deal after 100,000 people register as Mi'kmaq to receive benefits under agreement with Federation of Newfoundland Indian Christine Mason. Julien Mius de Quinan 8. like Alan Syliboy have reinterpreted Mikmaq artistic traditions, like rock painting and ornate quillwork clothing. Native American. Glode was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM) for disarming 450 land mines and bombs in 1918, saving many Canadian lives. available, using everything from shellfish to sea mammals to land mammals small and large for nutrition, clothing, dwellings and tools. [11] This put the enrolment process to a halt and a supplemental agreement between the Federation of Newfoundland Indians and Canada was formed in 2013. [15][16] The 2013 agreement tightened rules and criteria thus leaving 80,000+ applicants rejected in its wake. person to be baptized as a Catholic in New France, beginning a pattern of intense conversion and lumber work integrated the Mikmaq into the 19th- and 20th-century economy, but left them socially isolated. The federal government ratified it in 2008.[10]. The formation of the Qalipu is one example of continued activism among Mikmaq people. "18 Prior to the early nineteenth century Mi'kmaq lived a nomadic life moving in cycles and seasons between Newfoundland and Cape Breton. In the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century they made a transition to semi-sedentary life as hunter-gatherers living "on the country" on Newfoundland itself in permanent communities lime St. George's Bay and Miawpukek in Bay d'Espoir.1920212223 In a 1907 publication Newfoundland and It's Untrodden Ways by John Guille Millais' (1865 1931) the author included his favourable observations of the Jeddore family and other Conne River Mi'kmaq during his visits to Newfoundland in "two short hunting seasons in 1905-1906. dislocation, in the 1940s, the Department of Indian Affairs forced more than 2,000 Mikmaq people living in numerous small communities . They settled along all principal rivers in this province, including the Avon and its tributaries. In 2013 applicants organized a new group, the Mikmaq First Nations Assembly of Newfoundland to lobby to continue the enrollment process. Today, the Mi'kmaq live throughout the province. Mikmaq History. Advice for Researching Mi'kmaq Surname Variations. Marshall had been convicted in 1996 of fishing out of season, but the court ruled that the Peace and Friendship Treaties, signed in 1760 and 1761, guaranteed [7], In 2003, Minister Andy Scott was presented with a report that recommended a First Nations band without any reserved land to represent the Mi'kmaq of Newfoundland. The Metepenagiag Mi'kmaq Nation. and thus all Mikmaq peoples, to a moderate livelihood through hunting and fishing rights. Colonial myths once claimed the French brought Mikmaq to Newfoundland from Nova Scotia to help kill off the Beothuk. September 7, 2022. Western Genealogical and Historical Association of Newfoundland and Labrador. Georges parents were the only Lillington family in Isle aux Morts at the time of his birth. Mi'kmaq | The Canadian Encyclopedia From the Micmac News, September, 1985, page 30, in an article on the North Sydney Holy Cross Cemetary, the following Mi'kmaq names are listed: Bernard, Angus Born-1923 Died-October 19, 1923 Age-6 months Place of Birth-North Sydney. There is a concerted effort on the part of Mikmaq people to protect and promote their religious beliefs and customs. Today, the Mikmaq Grand Council members advocate for the promotion and preservation of Mikmaq people, language Indian Baby. [5] They visited the island and hunted along the south coast as far east as Placentia Bay before returning to Unamaki[citation needed]. Hi Malcolm, Bennett (anglicized from Benoit) is a common name among Mikmaq families from the west and south coasts of Newfoundland. [1], Members of the Qalipu Mi'kmaq First Nation elect a Chief (currently Brendan Mitchell), 2 Vice Chiefs, and councillors representing a total of 9 wards. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. | Canadian Mi'kmaq census records, Mi'kmaq Genealogy, Mi'kmaq Micmac Mi'gmaq Surnames, The Micmac of Eastern Canada, Wabanaki Confederacy Surnames | The chief of the Newfoundland Mi'kmak was Reuben Lewis, who was elected as probationary chief in 1900 following the death of Joe Bernard. To enlarge a photograph just click on it. Native American history. The only dictionary of surnames in Canada. For the As a result, when the French were defeated by the British in 1763, the Mi'kmaq April 25, 2015 at 12:54 pm. In 1987, the Miawpukek Mi'kmaq First Nation was recognized under the Indian Act, and their community of Conne River was classified as reserved land for the Mi'kmaq. Numerous Europeans came to hunt the caribou herds, causing a sharp decline in the species population. In 1970, there were approximately 6,000 Mikmaq speakers, compared to the nearly 9,000 reported in 2016. Qalipu First Nation - Wikipedia McAlpine's Directory of 1894 1898 of the area lists occupants with the surnames of Deman (Damois), Jesso, Tourout, Simon, Benoit, Young, Lainey, Carter, Paria (Porrier), Renouf, and Chesson (Chaisson). They pay 60 to 70 cents a pound for their tobacco, 20 to 30 cents for gunpowder, and 10 cents for shot. Joseph Mius II There is no central headquarters for the entire Micmac Tribe. The Mikmaq were largely allied with French colonial forces, which had established settlements across Acadia until the 18th century. English speakers has eroded the prevalence of the language and smoothed dialectical differences. The genealogy and history of the Mi'kmaq Tribe can establish the lineages of our earliest known ancestors of the Mi'kmaq Tribe, family pedigrees, and our kinship relationship to other Turtle Island Tribes and foreign monarchies and traders. The Qalipu First Nation is accepted by the Mi'kmaq Grand Council. Mikmaq are among the original inhabitants of the Atlantic region in Canada, and inhabited the coastal areas of Gasp and the Maritime Provinces east of the Saint John River. It is also accessible from Madelines Trail, which runs from Middle Brook River Trail across a ridge to Stephens Road. Family photographs are organized in the, Descended From A Single Ancestral Group, DNA Study Confirms, Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Newfoundland Mi'kmaq Family History and Genealogy. Are you sure you want to create this branch? Scroll. The federal government brought the crisis to somewhat of a close by buying licences and equipment from some non-Indigenous fishermen and entering into agreements with several Mikmaq communities to regulate Most moves to establish them as agriculturalists failed because of badly conceived programs and encroachments The Indian status of their membership was undetermined by Canada. Project Statistics. protected the people. It has single- and double-letter constants as well as five vowels that make both long and short sounds. Impacts of non-Indigenous activities on the Mi'kmaq. The beginnings of the Newfoundland Mi'Kmaq movement in the 1970s may have been well intentioned by the people who initiated it, people such as Chiefs White and Young, but Alternative names for the Micmac, which can be found in historical sources, include Gaspesians, Souriquois, Acadians and Tarrantines; in the mid-19th century Silas Rand recorded the word wejebowkwejik as a self-ascription. [5] Some[who?] As a direct result, the Mikmaq First Nations Assembly of Newfoundland Inc. (also known as MFNAN) was incorporated on May 23, 2013 as a newly formed group which originated initially It's a starting point to Newfoundland's unique background and way of life in North American history. Captain Jock Mitchell, Chief of Newfoundland Mikmaq Newfoundlands Most Famous Mikmaq Man, Mattie Mitchell. Red Bank, New Brunswick Canada. In some cases, Mikmaq chants consisted of vocables (spoken syllables) as a means of expressing emotion, rather than words with meanings. Try the Kinship Relationships Tool. Larry Arthur Muise Marie Philippe II Line B 1. Crown copyright 2011, Province of Nova Scotia, all rights reserved. George Lillington was born around the same time as Georges grandmother Sarah Jane (b. Addendum. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. There are many other origin stories that describe how The video [ca.1880] Theodore Keisel. Mi'kmaq (Mi'kmaw, Micmac or L'nu, "the people" in Mi'kmaq) are Indigenous peoples who are among the original inhabitants in the Atlantic Provinces of Canada. Ever since 1 October 1986, Treaty Day in Nova Scotia and some other parts of Atlantic Canada has commemorated the signing and significance of the Peace and Friendship Treaties. when Catholic settlers and missionaries began to influence Mikmaq spirituality and religion in the 17th century. Vignettes of Bay St. George Micmacs. Byrne, Chaffey, Fahey, Fizzard, Fudge, Grouchy, Hynes, Inkpen, Lyver, McLaughlin, Miles, Murphy, Puddester, Quirk -- the names themselves are They originally crossed from Cape Breton and settled in St. Georges March 1, 2018. Despite challenges, language programs, including high school immersion programs, have helped to revitalize the language. get someone to do something examples. They disputed the authority of the federal government to determine who qualifies as Mikmaq. Thousands of woodland caribou roamed the bush and barrens. The only two cows on the reserve were owned by the Jeddore brothers. The people of Migmagi relied on the variety of resources Add or drop an 's' especially near or at McAlpine's Directory of 1894 1898 of the area lists occupants with the surnames of Deman (Damois), Jesso, Tourout, Simon, Benoit, Young, Lainey, Carter, Paria (Porrier), Renouf, and Chesson (Chaisson). Glode (Gloade) was highly decorated for bravery on the Western Front. Family photographs are organized in the Photo Index. In the 1860s, the British hired some Mi'kmaq men to deliver the mail overland through a network of trails reaching the northern communities. They sell their fur locally where they make their small family purchases." Continue reading , February 11, 2023 Nova Scotia has 13 Mi'kmaq First Nations with community populations ranging from 283 in the Annapolis Valley First Nation to 4,314 in the Eskasoni First Nation. [14] In 2014, parliament passed Bill C-25, authorizing it to review all applications and retroactively reject some, based on criteria similar to those used in the R v Powley case that defined rights for the Mtis people. Mi'kmaq have argued[citation needed] that in addition, a group of Mi'kmaq lived on the island for hundreds of years. This fundamentally altered the lifestyle of the Mikmaq, who focused on trapping and trading furs rather than subsistence hunting and gathering. [3] In 2018, Qalipu First Nation also was accepted as a member of the Assembly of First Nations.[4]. staff.usainteanne.ca. There are already 43 users and 429 genealogy profiles with the Mi'kmaq surname on Geni. estimate that European diseases (See Epidemic) resulted in a loss of up to half the Mikmaq population from about 1500 to 1600. * Mi'kmaq Ancestry of Jerry GERRIOR (Gerrior/Girouard and others) * Gregor's Gathering (Acadian, Scottish and Nfld, Greg Melanson) * Desc. In April 2019, a video of Cape Breton Mikmaq teenager Emma Stevens singing Blackbird The Membertou, Chegau, Paul, Joe, and Cope, Mi'kmaq families of Mi'kma'kik, Turtle Island, pre . Mikmaw Camp. Did You Know? Main Index: Native/First Peoples/Metis Surnames| Census Extracts, This is a FINDING AIDE where I place links to Canadian settler records that recorded individuals that are now recognized (and self identify) as Dene. . The group's attempts to obtain status under the Indian Act were fruitless, and led to a Federal Court action in 1989, in which the FNI sought a declaration that its members were Indians within the meaning of the 1867 Constitution Act. Click read more to continue. The beginnings of the Newfoundland Mi'Kmaq movement in the 1970s may have been well intentioned by the people who initiated it, people such as Chiefs White and Young, but in the last 10 years it has degenerated into a money grab for those who can access it through a reach of ancestry. Children were to be strapped if they reverted to Micmac, and he banned the use of Micmac in church. A tag already exists with the provided branch name. On 7 April 2022, the Government of Nova Scotia introduced the 3. These census posts are part of a larger project to identify the surnames that have appeared among Indigenous, Metis and Mixed-heritage people over the past few hundred years across what is now Canada. Noel Joseph Jeddore Wejitu also Newell Jeddore Gietol, Geodol12 (December 18, 1865 May 14, 1944) was Saqamaw "grand chief" of the Mi'kmaq at Miawpukek in Bay d'Espoir on the south coast of Newfoundland in the Coast of Islands region. Mikmaq these rights. mi kmaq family names in newfoundland - saibaanmarketing.pk George Lillington named a daughter Sarah Jane (b. with animal skins and sinews. issn 0316-5981 , Micmac Migration to Western Newfoundland , {{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Doug |first2=Gerald |last2=Penney |date=1993 |title=On the Country |series=The Micmac of Newfoundland |publisher=Harry Cuff Publications |location=St. RG 1 Vol. This edition incorporates a number of additions and corrections and has been completely reset in a sturdier and more convenient format. In 1857, a colonial census of Newfoundland recorded Mi'kmaq settlements at St. George's Bay, Codroy Valley, Bay d'Espoir, and the Bay of Exploits.[5]. My experience is that a lot more people claim Native American ancestry than actually have it. Indian Baby. During the colonial period, the Mi'kmaq were allied with the French. It has been said that the Concordat of 1610 a formal agreement between the Mikmaq and the Vatican marked by the creation of a treaty wampum combined trade, treaty and religion Registration date 25 June 1726. Alternative names for the Mikmaq appear in some historical sources and include Gaspesians, Souriquois and Tarrantines. The Mi'kmaq Grand Council is the traditional and spiritual government for the Mi'kmaw nation. While some Mikmaq are Christian, traditional Mikmaq spirituality is still practised. The Royal Proclamation of 1763, though it established Indigenous rights in much of Canada, did not mention Maritime colonies. Leadership, based on prestige rather than power, was largely concerned with Western Genealogical and Historical Association of Newfoundland and Labrador. The caribou had served as one of the main sources of food for the Mi'kmaq and their decline adversely affected the survival of the Mi'kmaq. Ramie Muise 9. mi kmaq family names in newfoundland 2022, nintendo switch carnival games motion control, Best Restaurants Near Conrad Hotel Washington, Dc. But when they became Christian, they turned into a very weak people".52, Category:1865_births Category:1944_deaths Category:20th-century_First_Nations_people Category:Canadian_exiles Category:Dominion_of_Newfoundland_people Category:Indigenous_leaders_in_Atlantic_Canada Category:Mi'kmaq_people Category:People_from_Newfoundland_(island), A signed statement of this information mentioned I the Holy Cross Annual, 1961, signed by Joseph Jeddore and witnessed by John Denny Jeddore and John Benoit Sr. was sent to P.W. He was born at Indian Point, Bay d'Espoir and he died at Eskasoni, Cape Breton.4, The name "Jeddore" can be traced back to Wejitu Isidore, (ca. [25], The Friends of Qalipu Advocacy Association is currently taking Qalipu First Nation (and its precursor) to court over the enrolment process. 26 p.242 Register. Discover your DNA story and unlock the secrets of your ancestry and genealogy with our DNA kits for ancestry and the world's most comprehensive DNA database. Ramie Muise 9. mi kmaq family names in newfoundland aetna dental ppo fee schedule 2022 pdf mi kmaq family names in newfoundland barstool sports sling promo mi kmaq family names in newfoundland. Although he acknowledged that they were healthy and free of tuberculosis, resourceful, self-sufficient, "easy to govern", "seldom quarrel", with "no intoxicating liquor and seldom obtain any", he predicted that their future on the reserve was bleak. April 25, 2015 at 12:54 pm. to relocate to government-designated reserves. The cover of the Beatles classic was produced by Emmas teacher Carter Chiasson, translated by teacher Katani Julian and her father, Albert Golydada (See also Indigenous Art in Canada). in relations between the Mikmaq and the French. The Qalipu First Nation (Pronounced: ha-lee-boo, meaning: Caribou),[2] is a Mikmaq band government, created by order-in-council in 2011 pursuant to the Agreement for the Recognition of the Qalipu Mikmaq Band. Red Bank, New Brunswick Canada. THE MIKMAQ PRESENCE IN HALLS BAY. mi kmaq family names in newfoundland - powazkowska44.pl Julian, and recorded by Emma and fellow students at Allison Bernard Memorial High School in Eskasoni First Nation, Cape Breton. Example: For the surname Newill or Nowell, also consider Newil or Nowel. (See also Indigenous Territory). The main Mikmaq family lines on the Port au Port Peninsula (Payun Aqq Payunji'j) today include Benoit, Lainey, Hinks, Jesso, Young and Marche. These were known as the Peace and Friendship Treaties. In addition to the charts and reports you have Photo Albums, the Events list and the Relationships tool. Native American. This article is converted from Wikipedia: Noel Jeddore. They also used the bountiful timber of the region to construct canoes, snowshoes and shelters, usually in combination 2. Check out the Relationships tool. The letter stated, "These new Qalipu members we simply do not know and do not recognize as Mikmaq. Tribal Headquarters. Newfoundland And Labrador. During the colonial period, when the French and British competed for claims to land in North America, the Mi'kmaq became allied with France with whom they traded. My thanks to Fran Wilcox for her patience and deligence in extracting all of the Mi'kmaw marriages from the online parish registers of St. Jean-Baptiste, Port-Royal and for her generosity in allowing the Acadian Ancestral Home to post them on this page. RSS; Facebook; Email; Talk to us. Colonial myths once claimed the French brought Mikmaq to Newfoundland from Nova Scotia to help kill off the Beothuk. Mikmaw Camp. What is the impact of the Supreme Court's Daniels decision? Mikmaw Kinamatnewey is responsible for on-reserve schools and education, while the Mikmaq Employment & Training Secretariat provides support for training and employment for Mikmaq clients across the province. The Mikmaq have called on the federal government, which is responsible for fisheries, to provide clear guidance on what a moderate livelihood involves. [8], Recognition for the remainder of Newfoundland's Mi'kmaq was a much longer process. Alternative names for the Micmac, which can be found in historical sources, include Gaspesians, Souriquois, (Migmak, allies; Nigmak, our allies.Hewitt). mi kmaq family names in newfoundlandcrockett elementary school hours Menu reasonable cause to doubt collectibility Click read more to continue. The Registered Indian population in Nova Scotia is represented through a series of 13 band councils and two tribal councils, the Confederacy of Mainland Mi'kmaq and the Union of Nova Scotia Indians. link at left for gens) * Desc.