Toxicol Sci. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. 2006;5:389. Im HI, Kenny PJ. California Privacy Statement, Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. Clinics. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. CAS Specifically, the Federal Communications . The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. Neuroreport. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. 2006;79:13140. Neurosci Lett. Synapse. Behav Brain Res. Bioelectromagnetics. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. as it have a harmful side. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;41:26887. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. 2011;31:2293301. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. CAS The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. 2014;70:84555. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. 2006;27:16471. CAS Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. 2010;1347:17985. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Vorobyov et al. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. 1988;9:33745. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. Iran J Public Health. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Int J Occup Environ Health. Motawi et al. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. 2007;210:63544. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. 2000;11:16413. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. 2003;80:177. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. 2009;27:556572. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Cite this article. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. J Med Food. 2004;996:8996. daily life. Nat Med. Mack et al. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Am J Epidemiol. Mil Med Sci. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. 2004;115:1490505. 2008;22:9927. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Google Scholar. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. 2008;169:3845. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. Electromagn Biol Med. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. J Mol Neurosci. 2002;5:18995. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;21:6209. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. Bioelectromagnetics. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. 2013;23:306. 2014;9:e95503. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. Neurobiol Learn Mem. J Pharm Sci. J Neuro. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Zhao et al. 2009;72:20514. Article J Neuro-Oncol. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Trends Cell Biol. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Pathophysiology. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. 2013;32:27380. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. By using this website, you agree to our Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. 2003;11:346. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. J Environ Health Sci Eng. The role of microRNAs in cancer. Bioelectromagnetics. PubMed [42] found similar results. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. Xu et al. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. Thus, Cosquer et al. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Rev Environ Health. Article Int J Radiat Biol. 2005;130:591600. 2011;107:35661. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. 2014;8:63. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical computation. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. However,. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. 1990;39:13543. CAS A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. Bioelectromagnetics. CAS Gold PE. 1993;13:41322. 2012;35:32534. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Wang et al. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. 2013;17:711. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. 2005;161:3314. Bioelectromagnetics. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. 2006;27:11926. 2016;53:210011. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure.
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