Kassites (among others) were included in the workforces (mostly agricultural laborers): individuals defined as Kassites (Ka) or bearing Kassite names appear in ration lists. "Now a river flowed out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it divided and became four rivers. Mu-s-Sa Dates in the Kassite Period. Die Welt Des Orients, vol. The opening of Joshua, chapter 10, describes the King of Jerusalem being afraid because of the capturing of Ai and Jericho by Joshua during battle. Under the later Kassite kings political authority was weakened as peripheral provinces detached themselves from effective state control (see Brinkman, 1963, pp. 479-491, Potts, D. T. Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. Biblical Archaeology Review is the guide on that fascinating journey. There, they are associated with the city of Ur and the Biblical patriarch Abraham, who was born in Ur. Kassites are recorded in Media during the first half of the first millennium BCE (see Zadok, 2002, pp. There are fewer female functionaries and professionals. Nevertheless, some Babylonian cultural influence presumably persisted there. K. De Graef, Les trangers dans les textes palobabyloniens tardifs de Sippar (Abi-eu-Samsuditana): 1ire partie: Sur les inconnus connus: Cassites, Elamites, Sutens, Suens, Gutens et Subarens, Akkadica 111, 1998, pp. The temples that the Kassite kings built or rebuilt are mainly in the Babylonian tradition, although one Kassite innovation was the use of molded bricks to form figures in relief. 247 ff., 258 f.). The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( middle chronology ). 279-84. Christ was an incarnation of Yah-Veh. During the time of the Canaanite conquest the most profound source of extra-biblical evidence is from a cache of letters called the Amarna letters. 2, 2021, pp. This document includes a graphic timeline (imagemap) and a hypertexted text timeline In addition to their original members and dependents, both sectors absorbed prisoners of war, fugitive foreigners. When Burnaburia II died, his son Kara-harda succeeded him but was assassinated in a rebellion (1328 BCE). Krishna was at once a Kurus, an Abhira, and a Yadava. 71 ff.) These monuments, which were once thought to be boundary stones erected in fields . The Worst Televangelist Product Scams Of All Time. 233234, Levine, Louis D. The Second Campaign of Sennacherib. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. Five prominent individuals and several places in Inner Media had Kassite names. and debt slaves, thereby containing internal inequalities of wealth and legal status (slave-free continuum: see Brinkman, 1982). [20] Other important centers during the Kassite period were Larsa, Sippar and Susa. ISBN 978-9004430914. 47, 100, 102 ff., 115 ff., 122). The documentation from Old Babylonian Susa would have strengthened the case for the Zagros as the original country of the Kassites, were it not limited, undated, and to some extent of questionable interpretation (Zadok, 1987, p. 16). The most advanced Bible dictionary as a part of Biblia Plus, which includes everything you need to take your Bible study to the next level. I; Chronicles conserning early babylonian Studies in Eastern History, II. 225, 1977, pp. Therefore it is clear that the King List includes ancestors of the Kassite kings (cf. They conquered lands in Mesopotamia and in what is now Turkey. They had some distinct words for their language, but they borrowed most of their dialect from the Babylonian people. One Kassite invention was the boundary stone (kudurru), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. (Kassites). of Pientka, Sptaltbabylonische Zeit, OLZ 95, 2000, pp. ("Year in which Samsu-iluna the king (defeated) the totality of the strength of the army / the troops of the Kassites"). The sixth letter is the last and most severe letter and the Abdi-zedek begs once again for military help by means of archers from Egypt. The Kassite rulers encouraged the collection, codification, and canonization of Babylonian religious-literary texts. Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. Kassites. Their leaders came to power in Babylon following the collapse of the ruling dynasty of the Old Babylonian Period in 1595 BC. Eight among the last kings of the Kassite dynasty have Akkadian names. Around 1800 B.C., the Kassites began to settle in the Zagros Mountains which are located in modern day Iran. A people called the Kassites conquered Babylonia in about 1600 bce. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Clayden, Tim. Les Kassites, un peuple antique qui n'tait ni indo-europen, ni smite, tait originaire du Lorestan. Required fields are marked *. 1-44, van Koppen, Frans. R. Zadok, The Origin of the Name Shinar, ZA 74, 1984, pp. ISBN 0-521-563585. pp. They include administrative and legal texts, letters, seal inscriptions, private votive inscriptions, and even a literary text (usually identified as a fragment of a historical epic). They acted along with palatial and temple ones (see Edens, 1994, pp. A.. "The Names of the Last Eight Kings of the Kassite Dynasty" Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archologie, vol. 42-122, 2022, Buchanan, Briggs. This temple was probably one of the most important institutions of Kassite Babylonia. Volume 1 Kardunia. Balkan, 1954, pp. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 5 (197680, Miller, Jared L.. "3. [57] The images created by these seals were unique to each seal, but many shared the same subject matter. Old Testament Overview - General survey of the Old Testament. These are caretakers of the people and the closest they have to political leaders. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. J. van Dijk, Die dynastischen Heiraten zwischen Kassiten und Elamern: eine verhngnisvolle Politik, Orientalia, N.S. First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium,. The number of Kassite appellatives is restricted (slightly more than 60 vocables, mostly referring to colors, parts of the chariot, irrigation terms, plants, and titles). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The few sources consist of personal names, a few documents, and some technical terms related to horses and chariotry. The office of the governor was secular, but he could also serve as the high priest of the Enlil temple (Ekur) of Nippur. During this time, Joseph was born and eventually sold into Egypt. Balkan, 1954, pp. She was the pharaohs daughter that pulled Moses from the water. The Babylonian Empire under the Kassites, c. 13th century BC. [28][29] A typical treaties include the EgyptianHittite peace treaty (c.1259 BC) and the treaty between the Kassite ruler Karaindash and the Assyrian ruler Ashur-bel-nisheshu (c. 1410 BC). [27] An International System came into place between these parties connected by widespread trade, treaties, and intermarriage between the ruling classes (especially between the Kassites and Elamites). Possible traces of Kassites in Iranian nomenclature are negligible, for instance, Kagn, Kaakn < Kaaka@n, i.e., possibly "land of the Kassites" in Iran (see Eilers, 1957-58, p. 135). 88 f.) suggest that Babylon was resettled as early as ca. Ancient Orient Museum, Duck-shaped weight mentioning the name of the priest Mashallim-Marduk, Kassite, from Babylon. They later regained power yet would be defeated along with many other nations under King Nebuchadnezzar in the seventh century BC. 76, no. Thank you! Most of the documentation (ca. 1, 1989, pp. THE OLD TO MIDDLE BABYLONIAN TRANSITION: HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN DARK AGE. gypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, vol. The chariot and the horse, which the Kassites worshipped, first came into use in Babylonia at this time. Administration and Society in Kassite Babylonia. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. Idem, The Ethno-Linguistic Character of Northwestern Iran and Kurdistan in the Neo-Assyrian Period, Tel Aviv, 2002. 11, No. Chr. 4553, Paulus, Susanne. 221-223, Marcus, Michelle I. BIBL 410 W EEKLY S TUDY Q UESTION 4 One Blood/Introduction to Abraham Answer thoroughly the following questions based on this module/week's Reading & Study material: 1. They even burn their sons and daughters in the fire as sacrifices to their gods. Radical changes took place in the military organization as well (see Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 181). Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. [51] It is found in many Moesoptamia cities including Eridu and Tell Khaiber. the Kassites, take over this region, and you can see them . of M. Salvini, The Habiru Prism of King Tunip-Teup of Tikunani, Documenta Asiana: Collana di Studi sullAnatolia e lAsia Anteriore antica diretta da Mirjo Salvini 3, Rome, 1996, Archiv fr Orientforschung 46/47, 1999-2000, pp. Kassites eventually depose him, but damage has been done to the irrigation system. 125-145, Potts, Daniel T. (1999). 160 f.; also > Kunu-; cf. [15][16] Kudurrus, stone stele used to record land grants and related documents provide another source for Kassite history. Babylonian Pottery in the Kassite Period". Kassites and Assyrians. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [2] There are records of Kassite and Babylonian interactions, in the context of military employment, during the reigns of Babylonian kings Samsu-iluna (1686 to 1648 BC), Ab-euh, and Amm-ditna. [4] The Kassite religion is also poorly known. World History Encyclopedia. (a)the invention of monotheism (b)implementing political reforms that harmed the majority of egyptians. 27181. 17385, Schneider, Bernhard. They were used to mark official items and ownership. Babylonia under the Kassites: Some Aspects for Consideration". We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. Its end is dated to 1150 BCE. [37] According to the Assyrian Synchronistic Chronicle, which is not considered reliable, the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, was taken to Susa and imprisoned there in 1155 BC, where he also died. Many of them were integrated in the Babylonian social structure (De Smet, 1990, p. 10). The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". A. Volume 1 Kardunia. 2 (1957), pp. 471-589. 411 f.) is of the opinion that they penetrated from the central Zagros via the lower Diyala region into northern Babylonia, notably the Sippar region during the late Old Babylonian period. [3], The origin and classification of the Kassite language, like the Sumerian language and Hurrian language, is uncertain, and, also like the two latter languages, has generated a wide array of speculation over the years, even to the point of linking it to Sanskrit. In the 12th century Elam struck the final blow at Kassite power in Babylonia, already weakened by local insurrection. [12] Several tablets dated to the reign of Agum III were found at the Dilmun site of Qal'at al-Bahrain. 6, no. Most sukallu officials bore Kassite names as late as the period of the second Isin dynasty (see Brinkman, 1976-80, pp. First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium, The only named ruler of Bt-Hamban bore the Kassite anthroponym (originally title) Ianz. 2, line 18; 10, 11.31.34). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Bible Charts and Maps, PO Box 171053, Austin, TX 78717 These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. [39][40][41], The Babylonian and Assyrian king lists mention eight or nine early Kassite rulers whose names are not fully known and who precede the following kings. 45-92, Pinches, T. G. The Question of the Kassite Language. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1907, pp. (Adaside dynasty1700722 BCE)Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II, Second Intermediate PeriodSixteenthDynasty What Really Happened Between Ruth and Boaz On The Threshing Floor. Bibliography 257 Environment, Series II, Memoirs IV. [5] The chief gods, titular gods of the kings, were Shuqamuna and Shumaliya. A.. "1. The Kassites first appeared during the reign of Samsu-iluna (1749-1712 BC), son of Hammurabi of the First Babylonian Dynasty and after being defeated by Babylon, moved to control the city-state of Mari. Babylonia was divided into two kingdoms, that of the Kassites in the north and the Sealand in the south, including Uruk, Ur, and Larsa. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The horse, the sacred animal of the Kassites, probably first came into use in Babylonia at this time. ), whose kings were native Babylonians. M. Hlscher, Die Personennamen der kassitenzeitlischen Texte aus Nippur, Imgula 1, Mnster, 1996. The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1531 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( short chronology ). 1360 to 1220 BCE. Some Assyrian sources call the Babylonian ruler king of the Kassites.. The implication is that whatever pertains to the historical Jesus Christ belongs to the "New" and whatever pertains to the people among whom Jesus grew up belongs to the "Old". Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/kassite/. 233-42. 263 f. with lit.). 10 f., is cautious and allows for the alternative Ka-a-i-i Bi-ma-ti-i, thereby keeping Bimat apart from the Kassites). However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. In the 1st millennium the Kassites withdrew to the Zagros Mountains, where they opposed the eastward expansion of Assyrian power and paid tribute to Persia. L. Sassmannshausen, The Adaptation of the Kassites to the Babylonian Civilization, in K. van Lerberghe and G. Voet, eds., Languages and Cultures in Contact. ; Sassmannshausen, 2000, pp. The date and the exact conditions of this seizure of power are unknown to us, the first decades of the Kassite dynasty being unknown to us. For a time in the early reign of Tukulti-Ninurta I Assyria gained ascendancy, until the Elamites under Kidin-Hutran III intervened. Paper, 1956, p. 252). In the time of Old Babylonia they were hired mercenaries for the state and also formed bands of outlaw rebels against the state. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. 11-15). [59], Male head from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq, Kassite, reign of Marduk-apla-iddina I. Iraq Museum, Door socket from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq. 1, pp. By the 14th century BCE, the Kassites controlled the whole of Babylonia, including the Diyala region. 177-189, Krebernik, M., and Seidl, U. 164 f.) and Hatti. (Deuteronomy 4:19 NIV), Joshua said to all the people, This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: Long ago your ancestors, including Terah the father of Abraham and Nahor, lived beyond the Euphrates River and worshiped other gods. The first person that came close was Thomas Edison and I thought wow Im a genius. "The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State." Very little is known of their language because of the lack of texts (only a few incomplete sentences have survived). But Babylonia remained a world power: the Hittite king Hattuili III contacted Kadaman-Enlil II (1258-50 BCE) when the latter became king, in order to continue their good relations. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The cities of Ashkelon and Gezer were Philistine territory that werent fully conquered by Israel. From the letters of Adbi-Heba it is clearly seen that he is having severe trouble with the Apiru. H. H. Paper, rev. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. 131 f.). Richardson (2002, p. 347) is of the opinion that the fortresses were forerunners of the later Kassite feudal communities. Their communication with the authorities was facilitated by translators, who also acted as informers. The Kassites were not referenced in the Bible but according to some Christian and Hebrew scholars a king named Cushan-Rishathaim was supposed to have been a Kassite ruler. . After the Hittites' surgeon Babylon, the Kassites, coming from the North, North-East, settled in Babylon and founded their dynasty by Agum. 240-44. The eunuch was not from the land today known as Ethiopia, which corresponds to the ancient Kingdom of Aksum, which conquered Kush in the fourth century. There is not a single connected text in the Kassite language. Last modified August 03, 2011. Kassite traditions endured mostly in the private and familial spheres (see Heinz, 1995, p. 165). The Bible is not specific as to the exact date. After acting as king of Babylon for a year (1220 BCE), Tukulti-Ninurta I appointed a succession of puppet rulers, who controlled Babylonia for a decade. Kassite Dynasty (List of Kings) Gandash, 16 years Agum I (s), 22 years 2134, 1953, T. Clayden. XVI, Fasc. How Long In Prison? Submitted tags will be reviewed by site administrator before it is posted online.If you enter several tags, separate with commas. The Kassites were a warlike people that invaded Babylon during the 16th century B.C. There are very few filiations with the father bearing a Babylonian name. In most of the pertinent filiations the father has a Kassite, and the son a Babylonian, name. And I realized all my beliefs like what Edison believed came from the Bible. "17. 3, 1979, pp. Ancient Orient Museum, Lapis Lazuli fragment with building inscriptions, Kassite, from Iraq. They continued to refer to such units after they had taken control over cities. The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Ruled the Babylonian Empire after Hammurabi and the First Babylonian Dynasty eBook : Charles River Editors: Amazon.co.uk: Kindle Store The texts are unclear about who the Apiru/Hapiru/Habiru people are. Mid-12th Century. This relief shows 3 different peoples essentially having Egyptian rule placed over them. Click here to find out more about this unique and fun Bible study tool! [in:], Biggs, Robert D. A Letter from Kassite Nippur. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. Many Old Babylonian terms for functionaries do not continue. A Kassite Cylinder Seal from the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 17 f.). Elamites and Assyrians attack Babylonia. Buried History, 51, 57-60. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Then all the Midianites and the Amalekites and the children of the east were gathered together, and went over, and pitched in the valley of Jezreel. And the flood was in 1656 from Adam. [7], Documentation of the Kassite period depends heavily on the scattered and disarticulated tablets from Nippur, where thousands of tablets and fragments have been excavated. 106, no. The work at Isin was initated by Kurigalzu I and continued by Kadashman-Enlil I, and after a lapse, by Adad-shuma-usur and Meli-Shipak II. Marduk was already the patron deity of the Babylonians before the Kassites arrived, but this God was elevated to the position of supreme god once Babylon became a powerful Mesopotamian territory. 165-74. Christ was descended from Abraham. The Kassites (/ksats/) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC (middle chronology). Chronicles and king lists are imprecise, and although the Kassite kings traditionally ruled over Babylonia for 576 years, it is probable that the first Kassite kings reigned in Babylonia simultaneously with the last kings of the first Babylonian dynasty; thus Gandash, the first Kassite king, possibly began his reign about the middle of the 18th century bc, but not at Babylon. Speiser View PDF Biblical history proper begins with the call to Abraham to leave his native country and set out for a destination that is to become the Promised Land. It is either anachronistic, or a poor translation. 95 ff. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. The interest of the boundary stones for modern scholars is not only economic and religious but also artistic. Bearded men, religious symbols, horned quadrupeds, and fauna are often shown in these images. This is depicted in letters #287 and his sixth letter, #290. The mosaic glass beakers are thought to have been heirlooms, possibly for ritual use the find spot being a temple. Sassmannshausen (2001, p. 137) infers that they were subjected to Kassite inspectors. Kassite period. The Kassites, an ancient people who spoke neither an Indo-European nor a Semitic language, originated in Lorestn. [32][33] The Kassites also extended their power into the Persian Gulf, including at Qal'at al-Bahrain. 409-24. 93-111, Schulman, Alan R. Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. The Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections makes a very strong argument that it is not representing Israel but the field is quite divided on this piece. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.
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