Both time and cost are saved by the high efficiency. He dealt with the connection between small-town provinciality and the religious proclivities of the time, the relationship between the gospel of Christianity and the gospel of business; and, because the novel was written out of the atmosphere surrounding the Scopes Monkey Trial, he dealt with the conflict between science and religion. The wife is full of complaints about the life she has had to lead, married to a preacher, criticized by the church women if they thought her clothes werent suitable, sick of having to pretend to be so good when we were just common folks all the time! Her tirade at her husband, who only wants to be allowed to go to sleep, includes the following passage: Oh, dear. Higher criticism also showed that some elements in the Bible were also found in other religions and mythologies (the virgin birth, for example). Thus equipped, Elmer advances to conquer the world. He is out for money and pleasure and powerand the ministry is the career which gives him all three. Gantrys pugnacious sermons quickly make him popular in Zenith, but the workload soon overwhelms him and alienates him from Cleo. He behaves cruelly to Lulu, and when Floyd comforts her with a kiss, Elmer, who has planned the whole incident, bursts in on them with Lulus father. Gantry is bored by school, but Shallard is drawn to a professor who eventually confesses his atheism to Shallard. Elmer Gantry | novel by Lewis | Britannica Charles W. Ferguson, in the Bookman, described Elmer Gantry as a glorious lampoon, although he also commented that the novel was a social commentary and not a work of fictional art. plus-circle Add Review. Elmer, like other Lewis protagonists, fears marriage. Gantry threatens to avenge him but takes no action. He is a born salesman well versed with the bible. This tended to undermine the uniqueness of Christianity and the literal interpretation of the Bible. By what name was Elmer Gantry (1960) officially released in India in English? But soon the church tightens its grip on him; and for Elmer, there is no possibility of lighting out for the territory. Discuss the issue of creationism and evolution. But the arts and the sentiments and the sentimentalitiesthey were for Elmer perpetually associated only with the church. She is certainly not the saintly evangelist she presents herself to be, and she maintains a smug sense of superiority over the common folk she seeks to save. He raises money to build a new church. Philip McGarry, Ph.D. in economics and philosophy, is made to show that no educated person can believe in Christianity except in a very vague way: the only dogma he was known to give out positively was the leadership of Jesusas to whose divinity he was indefinite. The good pastor, the Reverend Andrew Pengilly, finds God in nature, feels religion rather than reasons about it, and doesnt give a hang for doctrinal differences. But Frank rages on at the inconsistencies in doctrine, the contradictions in the Bible, the evil men who are ministers, and the fools and dullards who work about him in Zenith: Gantry, Bishop Toomis, Chester Brown, Hickenlooper, and PottsPotts especially, who gets his idea of human motives out of George Eliot and Margaret Deland, and his ideas of economics out of editorials in the Advocate, and his idea as to what he really is accomplishing out of the flattery of his Ladies Aid! Frank adds that he doesnt find Jesus an especially admirable characterJesus was more vain and furious than a leader should be. Eddie is an enthusiastic Christian who becomes a student at Mizpah Theological Seminary and later a minister in western Kansas. One such incident (chapter 2, section 3) is when the pious but not very bright Eddie Fislinger is outwitted by Jim Leffertss atheist father for the amusement of Jim and Elmer. He dies in a gambling den. Thats Elmer Gantry. Over the next few years, he is appointed to larger and larger parishes, eventually to a church in Zenith. You're all doomed to perdition! WebHow does the novel Elmer Gantry end? Elmer pulls the burning jacket off her, and beats out the flames. Matthew Gregory Lewis With the characterization and strong personalities of these two characters, it is easy to assume a one-sided relationship between Gantry and Falconer and their congregants, but this is not the case. But Elmer does have a program in Napap, which he hopes will make him something of a moral dictator. McPherson was involved in a scandal in 1926. Elmer Gantry | Encyclopedia.com Thus Rebecca West could write incisively about the religious and historical perspectives of Elmer Gantry: The passages in the book which present to one what Mr. Lewis regards as the proper attitude to religion are disconcertingly jejune. Miss West goes on to say that like Mark Twain, who in Connecticut Yankee looked at medieval Europe and said, My, werent they dumb? Lewis has no sense of the struggle of the human mind to evolve from chaos to the achievements of his age. And yet Im not a liar! Napap would bring about nationwide censorship of novels, plays, paintings, and movies. The film is beautifully visual and as Elmer Gantry's past comes haunting again to tarnish the tent revival and watch Gantry and Sister Sharon fall again. But though this satire is perhaps the best part of the book, revivalism is not the only target. Harry Zenz is a student at the Mizpah Theological Seminary. "Elmer Gantry" is an amazing film that does not seem dated at all, having lost none of its bite or appeal with the passing of time. After college, he attends a Baptist seminary and is ordained as a Baptist minister. Terwillinger College and Mizpah Theological Seminary are both fundamentalist institutions. Laws, the number of times youve explained! WebWhen hedonistic but charming con man Elmer Gantry (Burt Lancaster) meets the beautiful Sister Sharon Falconer (Jean Simmons), a roadside revivalist, he feigns piousness to join WebElmer Gantry (Burt Lancaster) is a slick traveling salesman who is a boozer and a dog hound. In Lincoln, he persuades her to let him speak at the meeting about how he, a businessman, was converted. WebWhen hedonistic but charming con man Elmer Gantry meets the beautiful Sister Sharon Falconer, a roadside revivalist, he feigns piousness to join her act as a passionate preacher. Some day he would be a bishop, yes, but even that was nothing compared with the fact that he had won a victory over his lower nature. He kneels in prayer, but in that instant he sees Cleo and at once thinks of seducing her. Have faith! "Elmer Gantry" United Artists Simon received an Oscar nomination for Best Actress for her performance as a runaway housewife in "The Happy Ending" (1969), What Made Buster Keatons Comedy So Modern? | The New Yorker Traditionalists, therefore, rejected the new approach of liberal theology. Binch is also a snob who has contempt for other preachers. (film) Elmer Gantry is a 1960 film about a con man and a female evangelist selling religion to small town America. WebElmer turns to Rigg for help, who hires a detective to dig up incriminating evidence against Hettie and her husband. Pengilly sees through him with the spiritual eye of an eagle, and asks, Mr. Harry Zenz vehemently disagrees with Eddie. Evangelist Billy Sunday called Lewis "Satan's cohort". Burt Lancaster acted in a number of excellent films during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Sharon Falconer is an equally striking example of his satiric power. WebElmer Gantry has a great plot. New collections from David Bowie, Wilco, Joni Mitchell, Joe Strummer and more comment. Known as the enfant terrible of the Methodist church, he is ruthlessly critical of others. Sin, sin, sin! He wears fine clothes, yet he rides the railways like a vagabond. Burt Lancaster, Shirley Jones each won an Oscar for 1960's Elmer At a revival meeting he does not like to include all the preachers in town. His mind was shaped most of all by his souvenirs of his travel-adventures. During the service one man begins speaking in tongues. ." AKA: Elmer Gantry, le charlatan. The college president declares that he is a born preacher, and everyone urges him to become a minister. Blessed Virgin, Mother Hera, Mother Frigga, Mother Ishtar, Mother Isis, dread Mother Astarte of the weaving arms, it is thy priestess . They read from the Song of Solomon. Elmer Gantry Bess Needham marries Frank Shallard and bears him three children. The Chickasha Daily Express (Chickasha, Okla.), Vol. 57, No. 175, At the beginning of the novel, Elmer is drunk, but he is drunk only in the fashion of a hell-raising college boy who talks a little like Huck Finn (his companion, perhaps significantly, is named Jim). Its a movie about driving passions so hot and strongfor a sale, for salvationthey burn a person up. It is not merely a case of the good priest versus the bad priest. Fired from the ministry after going drinking rather than contacting his new church, he works for two years as a traveling salesman. Besides the rise of world fundamentalism and revelations of sexual abuse by big-name evangelists and Catholic priests, Elmer Gantry calls up popular figures such as Sarah Palin. I am not going to tell you that youre sinners, for which of us is not a sinner? GENRE: Fiction, nonfiction Elmer is, obviously enough, an example of the latter. Lewis, C.S. Eddie spreads the word that Elmer, who has never shown any zeal for religion, has been converted. Schorer, Mark, Introduction, in Sinclair Lewis: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Mark Schorer, Prentice-Hall, 1962, p. 4. He also analyzes the characterization and structure of the novel and Lewiss occasional failure to integrate his story-telling with the social facts he presents. Overhead traveling cranes are used in industrial buildings to lift and transport heavy jobs, machines, and so on, from one place to another. The growth of fundamentalist Christianity in contemporary America is a source of bafflement to those who just don't get it; including, by and large, the movie industry, which may like to end its films with sanctimonious moralising, but which usually reserves the right to serve us substantial portions of sex and violence beforehand. Elmer Gantry fails because it is neither a realistic portrayal of the state of religion in America nor a caricature whose manifest unfairness can be forgiven because of the wit and humor which have gone into it. James Benedict Moore, "The Sources of Elmer Gantry". The Circuit: Stories from the Life of a Migrant Child. But they could be healed constantly, and of the same disease.. Lancaster is absolutely mesmerizing as "Elmer Gantry." The merit of this argument is undermined because it is given by Babbitt, not out of caring for the citizens of Zenith, but rather because he stands to gain the most financially from the revival. Binch is brought on for one five-page section of chapter 14, when Elmer and Sharon happen to meet him in Joliet and lunch with him. Elmer Gantry Summary - eNotes.com But both the show and their relationship are threatened when one of Gantry's ex-lovers decides that she must settle a score with the charismatic performer. He successfully schemes to become pastor of the prestigious Yorkville Methodist Church in New York and the new executive secretary of Napap. Over seventy-five years after it first appeared, Elmer Gantry still has power to shock as well as amuse. The character of Sharon Falconer was loosely based on events in the career of the Canadian-born American radio evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson, who founded the Pentecostal Christian denomination known as the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel in 1927. Reviews There are no WebIn the 1920s, Elmer Gantry entertains a group of fellow salesmen in a speakeasy with his ribald jokes and easy charm. Nevertheless, it is possible to recognize the working of quixotic elements throughout the novel, especially in the fancifully conceived Sharon Falconer and in the character who is a foil for Elmer, Frank Shallard. At Terwillinger College, Elmer captains the football team. In this scene at the end of the you have to deal with a lot of these two-by-four hick preachers with churches about the size of woodsheds and getting maybe eleven hundred a year, and yet they think they have the right to make suggestions! He wont harm you! And yet Lewiss attitude to his character is a little more complex than this long list of his faults might suggest. He is a complete hypocrite and a complete opportunist. pat hingle elevator accident You're all sinners. Light, Martin, The Quixotic Vision of Sinclair Lewis, Purdue University Press, 1975, pp. Lancaster's performance is so rich, so real, that the viewer knows this man, knows what Gantry smells like (sweat and eau de cologne) and what he eats (big slabs of beef). It may be that the essential lesson which Lewiss experience of America taught him was that the barriers to education, self-discovery, and fulfillment were formidably guarded by exploiters and cranks: thus his anger; thus his satire. According to Mark Schorer, in his introduction to Sinclair Lewis: A Collection of Critical Essays, No novel in the history of American literature outraged its audience so completely, and very few novels in American literature had a larger immediate audience. The book was banned in Boston and other cities and denounced from hundreds of pulpits. Go out slowly! He preaches at the service that gets Elmer converted. It looks like we don't have any synopsis for this title yet. Finally, the Elmer Gantry script is here for all you quotes spouting fans of the Burt Lancaster movie. She is looking to work in Applied Business Anthropology. I have told you a mystery. She is the supreme fantasist. After Elmer writes a critical comment about him on a blackboard, Zechlin, who is suspected of heresy, is forced into retirement by the Seminary. The boy sees the preacher as a man who can possibly heal his crippled leg. Elmer meets up again with Lulu, now married to Floyd Naylor, and they resume their flirtation. Where she is quiet and gentle with her manner of preaching, he is all fire and brimstone, literally throwing himself about the audience and inflaming them into repentance. D. J. Dooley remarks that to Lewis Christianity is not only untrue, but inconceivable. Dooley feels that Elmer Gantry is flawed because it is neither a realistic portrayal of the state of religion in America nor a caricature whose manifest unfairness can be forgiven because of the wit and humor which have gone into it. True, unless, taking our cue from Sharon Falconer and the multitude of fraudulent evangelistic minor characters in the book, we begin to see Elmer Gantry as Lewiss triumphant depiction of a land of demons and grotesques of all sizes and shapes, created from the extremes of human impulse and incapable of self-awareness because they are already beyond it, Elmer included. Juanita Klauzel is Elmers girlfriend in Cato, Missouri, when he is a student at Terwillinger College. Which man seems to have the more vitality? One thing he is aware of is that professing belief serves his purposes very well, and for all he knows, every word of Baptist or Methodist dogma might be true. Elmer is so infatuated with Sharon that he gives up smoking and drinking for her. Elmers lawyer outwits Hetties lawyer, and she is forced to withdraw the charges she made against him and state that she was part of a plot by the liquor interests to ensnare him. Kayfabe, or, Why a Scholar of Religion Might Be Interested in Pro Wrestling. In Bible stories, in the words of the great hymns, in the anecdotes which the various preachers, quoted, he had his only knowledge of literature. Lewis exercises his bitterness against the failures of the church by making the church itself accountable for Elmers being no better educated. He becomes the symbiotic antithesis to Sister Sharon: while he tells of heading toward the depths of hell for his many sins, she tells of being saved from that fate if repentance is forthcoming. Starring Shirley Jones Arthur Kennedy Burt Lancaster Patti Page Jean Simmons. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. She and Elmer have an affair, which later turns out to be a trick on the part of Hettie and her husband Oscar to blackmail Elmer. Sharon Falconer is a charismatic evangelist who travels around the country holding spectacular revival meetings. Elmer Gantry is a satirical novel written by Sinclair Lewis in 1926 that presents aspects of the religious activity of America in fundamentalist and evangelistic circles and the attitudes of the 1920s public toward it. Tracing two years in th, Matthew Gregory Lewis WebThis count will explain the meaning of Macrons declaration that peace, security, and stability in Europe, and in the Ukraine, are for Europeans to agree with Russia. Leap Of Faith It's easy to miss the Katar River restaurant, hidden away in a little industrial strip behind the Lake & Hiawatha shopping center in south Minneapolis. Religion was a force in politics, yes, but a force capable of bringing down buildings? Elmer would probably not be able to answer this question. This has been the hottest school board race Ive seen in 25 years of living in Minneapolis, with lots of conspiracy theories and pearl-clutching. For that matter, one year after Elmer Gantry, Burt Lancaster appeared in the same movie as William Shatner, Judgment at Nuremberg (1961). Gantry turns out to be the perfect publicity compliment to Sister Sharon, who, unlike him, is a true believer. A typical picaresque narrative chronicles the exploits of a rogue, an immoral but not criminal character who lives by his wits. How long would a drunkard listen to the counsel of one who had never been inside a saloon? He is so good that it is hard to Interviewing key stakeholders in the company, gathering and organizing information, analyzing data and preparing reports that summarize finding. There is a definite give and take between Gantry and Falconer and the congregants in Elmer Gantry. Real name: David Terry. In Elmer Gantry Lewis suggested that what is wrong with the small town, what is wrong with business practices, and even what is wrong with the intellectual attitudes that make it difficult for the scientist to go about his research honestly are all due to the hold Protestantism has on American consciousness. On May 25, 2016, St. Paul School Resource Officer Bill Kraus forcibly arrested then 19-year-old Darion Bell outside of St. Paul Central High School. In the following essay excerpt, Light examines quixotic elements in Elmer Gantry. IPTV CHANNELS LIST | Best Buy IPTV provides - buyiptvfast.com She cries out, Oh, dont! Elmer Gantry and his roommate, Jim Lefferts, have traveled from their college in Kansas to Cato, Missouri, to see their girlfriends. The novel's protagonist, the Reverend Dr. Elmer Gantry, is initially attracted by booze and easy money (though he eventually renounces tobacco and alcohol) and chasing women. Elmer Gantry (1960) mistakes - Moviemistakes.com Elmer Gantry begins in 1902. What has educated Elmer (a few books, oratory, sermons, tracts, hymns, and a smattering of a college education) must be ridiculed in order to purge it from the land. 2023 . The steady accumulation of damning portraits of those whose spiritual home is the Protestant church, and the lack of any serious counterweight to them, led Rebecca West, in a hostile review of Elmer Gantry that first appeared in 1927, to write that Lewis lacked the necessary requirement of the satirist, which was to fully possess, at least in the world of the imagination, the quality the lack of which he is deriding in others. Wests point was that Lewis effectively exposes the charlatans and the way they misuse their power, but fails to show how that religious power might better be used. It's the prohibition era. He hires a new secretary, Hettie Dowler, who replaces Lulu as his mistress. Mahlon Potts is the influential minister of the First Methodist Church in Zenith. The second date is today's This site -- maintained by the faculty but also involving our students, our alumni, and the graduate teaching assistants who help us in our classes -- discusses the relevance of the study of religion, in particular, and the liberal arts, in general, for understanding both the past and present, by seeing religion as but one element of wider cultural practices. Elmer loves to preach against immorality but feels no need to be moral himself. Gantry was in the middle of trying to settle down and marry Sharon when she saw that shooting star at the end, and from that moment, she seemed to feel truly touched by God. ****. ", Movie Lacks Something, But a Stunning Lead Performance Isn't It. It's strange, the way this movie opens and builds so strongly, and then has such an unsatisfying ending. It is easy to see why Burt Lancaster won an oscar for his excellent portrayal of Elmer Gantry. 73738. The woman who does match Lancaster is Oklahoma-born Patti Page, making her film debut. After the fire and Sharons death, Elmer is conscience-stricken. Like everything else in the Lone Star State, our dreams were big from the start. Shirley Jones small part made the movie. I give this movie a 10 only because there is nothing above that. Additionally, this positive representation of the necessity of revivals to faltering churches is soured by the probability that Falconers revivals take advantage of the lower class. As the good Sister employs him as a Bible-spouting person to expand the God Will and along the way he gets considerable success . Pursuing a career as a freelance writer, Lewis began to produce fiction with ease and ingenuity, and he published five novels from 1912 to 1919. The film leaves the realities of these mystical happenings up to interpretation, and so gives the congregants active, if small, roles in the narrative. Higher criticism was a method of Biblical criticism that originated in Germany. Shallard is forced to resign. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. I have long felt that Burt Lancaster often made movies great because his acting was much bigger-than-life, and he also helped degrade a few movies for this very same reason. WebBethel Merriday, by Sinclair Lewis, free ebook. But we sure view it differently 80 years after the book and 55 years after the movie debuted. The novel's protagonist, the Reverend Dr. Elmer Gantry, is initially attracted by booze and easy money (though he eventually renounces tobacco and alcohol) and chasing women. Protestant fundamentalism was in part a reaction in the early twentieth century to the development of the higher criticism in Biblical scholarship. Everything conspires to overwhelm him and break down his defenses; he does not really have a chance. Elmer Gantry (film Continuity mistake: At the end, there is a scene in a burning church. Gantry is an over-the-top opportunistic traveling salesman who teams up with evangelist Sister Sharon Falconer (Jean Simmons) to promote religion in 1920's America. In this essay, Aubrey discusses how Lewiss characterization in Elmer Gantry serves his satiric purpose. His specialty is in denouncing vice, and in Zenith he even leads a police raid on the local dens of iniquity. 99107. Elmers next position is at a church in Monarch. In fact, the film's theatricality can almost be seen as a strength, for it's constructed like a well-written play. Lulu becomes devoted to Elmer but he gets bored with her. But in the house of Elmers mistress, Lulu Bains, they sing and read Seeing Nelly Home, Old Black Joe, Beulah Land, Farm and Fireside, and Modern Priscilla. And even if you saw the big sign outside, you probably wouldn't know that this is specifically an Ethiopian restaurant, and a very good one. He is tested by temptation and almost capitulates, but is then wrongly accused by the jilted temptress. Published in 1922 Mrs. Gantry is Elmers mother. Ed. 98107. The trouble is, he needed a good reason for his broad and over-the-top acting. Elmer pulls the burning jacket off her, and beats It might seem that the last thing in the world Lewis wanted was sympathy for Elmer Gantry, whom he regarded, he told Allen Austin years later, as a hypocrite through and through. Yet he wrote in the Nation in 1928, Actually, I like the Babbitts, the Dr. Pickerbaughs, the Will Kennicotts, and even the Elmer Gantrys rather better than anyone else on earth. Furthermore, he told Betty Stevens that the Babbitts were my children and I wanted to reform them. Elmer It is a pity that Lewis did not choose to develop more fully the few exceptions to the prevailing mendacity, including the lightly sketched figure of Reverend Andrew Pengilly. There was a timebetween the 1989 fall of the Berlin Wall and 9/11when Elmer Gantry might have felt outdated. Based on the muckraker Sinclair Lewis' novel, and superbly translated to the screen by Richard Brooks (In Cold Blood , The Professionals, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof), this story of huckster-ism by religion is a masterpiece. Light examines what he sees as quixotic elements in the novel, especially in the characters Sharon Falconer and Frank Shallard. Before long, he marries Cleo Benham, the choir director, but finds her an unenthusiastic lover. The acting and directing is superb to the point that it becomes difficult to remember that it is only a movie. WebSpecialties: Welcome to Garrison Brothers, home of the first and oldest legal whiskey distillery in Texas. Religion is an aspect of culture that permeates all societies, and much of history is defined by religions in power at the time. Box sets galore! In the film, Gantry happens upon one of Falconers revivals being held in a country town. Shallard attempts to stand against Gantrys attempts to destroy him, but eventually he resigns from his pulpit. She is a monstrous creation who seems to grow in size with each revelation of her craziness. 5 Mar. This is indeed what happened to Dr. Bruno Zechlin, one of the faculty at Mizpah, who lost his fundamentalist faith even before he received his theological doctorate. It tells the story of a hypocritical, corrupt, but very successful preacher named Elmer Gantry. Elmer Gantry - Wikipedia 10 Video Games That Need a Live Action Adaptation, 2023's Most Anticipated Sequels, Prequels, and Spin-offs. After his wedding to Cleo, he gasps to himself, Oh, good God, Ive gone and tied myself up, and I never can have any fun again! His treatment of her on the wedding night is reminiscent of Eddie Schwirtzs treatment of Una Golden. "Elmer Gantry WebBy John Helmer, Moscow @bears_with During the US Army invasion of Morocco and Algeria in 1943, enroute to the invasion of Italy, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), as the CIA was called then, came up with the donkey turd bomb for destroying the enemy.Since 2014, the CIA has come up with the modern equivalent its called the Ukrainian bomb. In 1928, he preached in a tent in Long Beach, California to more than 5,000 people, and on his return to America the following year, when he was nearly seventy years old, he attracted even larger crowds, including 15,000 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Like Sharon, she drew huge crowds and practiced faith healing. The result would be the fascist state against which Babbitt, in anticipation of 1984, warns. One Sunday, he is surprised to see Lulu in church, and the next day he begins an affair with her. At the end of the novel, Elmer is on bended knee, praying, We shall yet make these United States moral nation! The irony in Elmers last statement underscores the immorality of the kind of enforced morality Elmer has in mind. Infuriating and erratic, but brilliantly creative, the Canadian-born British artist and writer Wyndham Lewis (1882-1957) was an always, Elman, Ziggy (originally, Finkelman, Harry), Elman, Mischa (actually, Mikhail Saulovich), Elmira Business Institute: Narrative Description, https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/elmer-gantry, Lewis, Sinclair (7 February 1885 - 10 January 1951). Elmer Gantry, like the big Lewis novels that preceded it, is centrally concerned with the struggle between the old and the new. West, Rebecca, Review of Elmer Gantry, in Sinclair Lewis: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Mark Schorer, Prentice-Hall, 1962, pp. As a boy, the Baptist church was all he knew. Photographer Nancy Musinguzis recent photos captured the over 7,000 people []. They were outside of respectable societylike Kingsand I am not sure but that this was better for their art and their happiness than to be classed as lecturers, tax-payers, tennis-players, suburban householders, and lovers of dogs.' After dinner, the drunken Elmer picks a fight with a man who is heckling Eddie Fislinger, a fellow Terwillinger College student, as he preaches to an outdoor crowd. Then read chapter 30, section 5, where Jim reappears. The supporting staff performed equally well. Elmer thinks he is fat and pompous, but respects him nonetheless. The couple abandons their campaign against Elmer and leave