There are about 42 milligrams of vitamin C in a cup of cassava, and one root has double that amount. Vitamin C is an antioxidant and precursor to collagen, a key component for skin integrity. Real flavor. << FRESH PRODUCE Product Name Brand Servings Per Serving size Calories Fat Saturated Fat Trans Fat Cholesterol Sodium Carbs Dietary Fiber Sugar Added Sugar Protein Vit. Cash in your points for FREE Vital Collagen and Merch! The information provided in this blog post is intended for informational purposes only and should not be used to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any health condition in animals. You can also incorporate it into various recipes. Jessica Coghill, MS, CNS - Clinical Nutritionist/ Health Coach - Vital Increase energy and vitality with diet, circadian support and targeted supplementation. The following drug interactions can occur with astragalus. Unless a shorter hang time is specified by the set manufacturer, hang product for up to 48 hours after initial connection when clean technique and only one new set are used. Sign up with your email address to receive updates, integrative health tips & tricks, recipes and more. In such cases, radiation is transmitted through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens and vitreous humor and is imaged or focused to a small area on the retina. It is used for the treatment of illnesses such as muscle pain, rheumatism, peptic ulcer, gastrointestinal disorder, dental caries, dermatitis, diarrhea, wounds and diuretic. Feed at room temperature using a feeding pump or syringe. Spinach 101: Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits Micronutrient Facts | Nutrition | CDC Vital Root is committed to keeping it real. Names of the different varieties vary by location and can be based on the region where it is grown, taste, cooking properties, maturity periods, or a range of other descriptors. Vitamin B6 0%. Powders. Terms & conditions (7), Many recent screenings have shown the success of astragalus saponins, flavonoids and polysaccharides in decreasing or eliminating tumors. /Filter /FlateDecode PDF Vital 1.5 Cal Product Information: Vital 1.5 Cal - Abbott Nutrition From arthritis to heart disease, itsoften the culprit of the damage. (16), Because of astragalus antiviral capabilities, it has long been used to treat common colds and the flu. /NAME_ihcifdeadlhgkbjbbdmegcehkihejfeg 11 0 R stream VITAL HIGH PROTEIN is specialized therapeutic nutrition for immune support, to promote GI tolerance, and to help manage inflammation and is suitable for patients who could benefit from a high-protein, low-fat diet. Native to China and Southeast Asia. Environ Dev Sustain. *Peptides are partially broken down proteins, which makes them easier to digest and absorb in the gut than whole proteins. 5. Nutrient deficiencies are fairly common and contribute to inflammation, anemia, neurological disorders, as well as skin, hair and nail problems. Vital 1.0 Cal - Abbott Nutrition This article is based on scientific evidence, written by experts and fact checked by our trained editorial staff. It is used to treat the diseases at low cost. Biofortification of field-grown cassava by engineering expression of an iron transporter and ferritin. 16% DV. Astragalus roots areharvested from 4-year-old plants and are the only part of the plant thats used medicinally. Iron - 25mg/100g - Vital component of hemoglobin. Yucca root. Choosing yuca, along with a variety of fruits and vegetables, supports your body's repair system following an injury or infection. 15 0 obj Prevents Helicobacter pylori, Prevent bacteria, Helpful for HIV patients, Inhibits giardiasis, Prevent cavity. 2019;99(3):1434-1441. doi:10.1002/jsfa.9347, Narayanan N, Beyene G, Chauhan RD, et al. Direccin de la Tesis: Manuel Valiente Malmagro, Merc Llugany Oll. What Is Maca? - Nutritional Benefits & More | The Maca Team Astragalus can affect how the body reduces lithium levels because of its diuretic qualities. Pinostrobin has antioxidant activity that could lower the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Click Here for Recall Information: 2 fl oz Ready-to-Feed Liquid Recall (Oct 2022) or Powder Formula Recall (Feb 2022), To access content offline on your mobile device, tap {{safariIcon}} and then "Add to Home Screen. In addition, a 2014 study published in the, Astragalus has been studied progressively as an antidiabetic. Please read the Legal Notice for further details. Healthy Food Environments. 16 0 obj /Type /XObject 2009;360(18):1912-1914. Verywell Fit's content is for informational and educational purposes only. /Font << Verywell Fit articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and nutrition and exercise healthcare professionals. To release cyanogenic compounds, cassava should be soaked and dried in the sun, grated and roasted, boiled, or fermented. After processing, yuca is safe to eat. is generally safe to use with no serious side effects. >> For tube or oral feeding. Spinach: Nutrition, health benefits, and diet - Medical News Today Hormonal imbalance can disrupt mood, sleep, metabolism, fertility, hair, skin, and sexual health- just to name a few! Insert feeding set connector into port of RTH Safety Screw Cap and completely pierce foil. Feed at room temperature using a feeding pump or syringe. This Dr. Axe content is medically reviewed or fact checked to ensure factually accurate information. (, , also found in astragalus, provide health benefits through cell signaling. Share $10 Vital Credit and FREE Sampler with your friends; Get FREE Samples when you first share! People with autoimmune diseases should speak with their doctors before starting astragalus because of its ability to stimulate the immune system. . Designed to promote tolerance: The rhizome of Fingerroot has antileuckemic activity and possess five flavonoid derivatives , pinocembrin, pinostrobin, alpinetin, pinocembrin, boesenbergin and cardamonin that could inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Follow directions for use provided by manufacturer of feeding sets. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. (12,13), Oxidation due to free radical damage is the main component in disease and aging, and many elements found in astragalus fight free radical damageand prevent of oxidative stress. This plant is either perennial or biennial that has tall leaves and pink to purple flowers. Though people only need small amounts of micronutrients, consuming the recommended . THOROUGHLY wash hands with soap and water before handling container or feeding set. Accordingto the United States Department of Agriculture, Americans consume around 0.7 pounds Astragalus is a plant within the Leguminosae (beans or legumes) family, with a very long history as an. When initiating feeding, follow physician's instructions. (, In terms of reputation, boosting the immune system is astragalus claim to fame. A reformed candy factory now brimming with plants and bathed in light. The following nutrient estimates from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) are based on a 1-cup (136 grams) serving of. After addressing your specific health needs, therapeutic dietary recommendations aimed to restore balance and support your goals are provided. << Strengthening the parasympathetic nervous system enables the body to adapt to a healthy stress response. This promotes healing, enhances digestion, improves sleep and reduces inflammation. It is often boiled or fried like a potato and consumed as a snack or a side dish. Follow these instructions for clean technique and proper setup to reduce the potential for microbial contamination. As with many other naturalcold remedies, it seems to work better when used when healthy individuals use the supplement regularly in order to prevent the illness before it happens. Nakabonge G, Samukoya C, Baguma Y. >> B.rotunda has flavonoid components that serve as a drug for inhibiting infection caused by H.pylori. Not suitable for people with galactosemia. Service was fast and friendly. you said on completion keep them in refrigerator or cool place below 65f. Nutritional Yeast Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits - Verywell Fit 1500 mg Turmeric Root Extract per serving (2 capsules) 95% Curcuminoids Black Pepper for Enhanced absorption Helps support healthy inflammation res . Nat Biotechnol. Yuca is also a great source of vitamin C and folate, two vital nutrients for heart health. Although no studies definitively advise yuca for breastfeeding, its nutritional make-up is promising for this benefit. Beets are also a good source of folate. Calories: 36 Carbs: 8 grams Fiber: 2 grams Protein: 1 gram Vitamin C: 30% of the Daily Value (DV) Folate: 5% of the DV Phosphorus: 3% of the DV Calcium: 3% of the DV Nevertheless, the leaves. Weight loss: Optimum health: Weight gain: The good: This food is a good source of Vitamin C, Vitamin B6 and Manganese, and a very good source of Vitamin A and Vitamin K. The bad: This food is high in Sodium. (6), In terms of reputation, boosting the immune system is astragalus claim to fame. /PageMode /UseNone Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Because of astragalus immune system boosting capabilities, it decreases the effectiveness of these drugs. Potassium plays an essential role in regulating blood pressure, reducing the risk of stroke and heart disease. Before preparing yuca, wash thoroughly under running water. The nutritional fortification of the cassava plant can make yuca a staple food with a lot more to offer beyond high-energy starch. ^*1.0 g of dietary fiber supplied by short-chain fructooligosaccharides. Additional fluid requirements should be met by giving water between or after feedings or when flushing the tube. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, the herb was hailed as a protector against stresses, both mental and physical. Nutrition related Vital Signs, state reports, tools, and training. Iron deficiency anemia is especially common in women of childbearing age and children. Vital 1.0 Cal Vanilla / 8 fl oz (237 mL) Recloseable Carton / 24 ct, Vital 1.0 Cal / 33.8 fl oz (1 L) Ready-To-Hang Prefilled Container / 8 ct. May be used for total or supplemental nutrition. /Kids [4 0 R 5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R] Studies showits ability to relieve insulin resistanceand, is the main component in disease and aging, and many elements found in astragalus, In a 2012 study by the Institute of PharmaceuticsatZhejiang University, wounds treated with astragaloside IV (the active ingredient in dried astragalus root) showed recovery rates increase two- tothreefold over 4896 hours. Nutritional yeast also has some calcium, thiamin, iron, and potassium. May contain: magnesium chloride, calcium phosphate tribasic. For supplemental or sole-source nutrition. \0u&F: :x ZM-@aKXB8 << /Length 243 The study shows that the wounds which are dressed with the extract of rhizomes as well as intrasite gel healed quickly. . ⁵ Sies H. Redox Biol. 2007;6:42-48. Otherwise hang for no more than 24 hours. The following drug interactions can occur with astragalus: Astragalus root is an adaptogen used in Traditional Chinese Medicine as a remedy for a large number of conditions. But Maca root, like the Chinese herb ginseng, is also an . All About Beets: Nutrition, Health Benefits, How to Use Them Getting to know you and your health goals are a priority. 2016;40(2):159-211. Avoid contamination during preparation and use. N Engl J Med. For starters, the high vitamin K content makes celery root essential for brain function and bone strength. (5). Helicobacter pylori is a bacteria which is the cause for dyspepsia, gastritis and peptic ulcer and also associated with the development of colon cancer and gastric. /XObject << Roots and rhizomes are useful for treating ringworms. Insert feeding set connector into port of RTH Safety Screw Cap and completely pierce foil. are clickable links to these studies. PDF Vital HP Product Information: Vital HP - Abbott Nutrition Description. Look for a reddish-brown, club-shaped vegetable that is firm and solid and has few blemishes. It is known as krachai in Thai. x^] D? HA{4&{4fM+K] n?_ Vermont Fest 2022 Attendee Central. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) Vitamins and Minerals | NCCIH While it may seem intimidating at first, counting macros is a common Erythritol is now one of the most popular natural zero-calorie sweeteners available. There are possible interactions with other herbal supplements, so start with smaller doses to prevent side effects. Free shipping for many products! /Resources << Follow directions for use provided by manufacturer of feeding sets. Yuca has a starchy taste and texture similar to that of a potato, but it is slightly sweeter and nuttier than a potato. Calcium 3%. The extract inhibits the spoilage bacteria such as L.cellobiosus and L.plantarum. Food Nutrition Facts and Free Calorie Counter | CalorieKing 1.5kcal/mL nutritionally complete, semi-elemental feed for patients with malabsorption and/or poor feed tolerance. It is a remedy for ulcers and dry mouths. Taking astragalus with lithium can lead to unsafe levels of lithium in the body. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. This can lead to neurotoxicity at high levels. >> 2011;128(6):1367-9. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.07.019, Newton CR. indusind bank service manager salary - buddhistmagic.com The extract of B.rotunda has bactericidal activity against S.mutans that could be used as a mouthwash or applied to toothpaste. ² Calder PC. You probably know that cancer treatment can cause side effects like nausea, fatigue and hair loss. Lectura: Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona en 2020. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Vital Nutrients - Curcumin Extract (With Bioperine) - Nutritional Support for No at the best online prices at eBay! Fingerroot is one of them. Generally, there are two basic species: sweet and bitter. ^* NutraFlora and scFOS are not registered trademarks of Abbott Laboratories. are clickable links to medically peer-reviewed studies. Dirt Poor: Have Fruits and Vegetables Become Less Nutritious? Like many plant foods, cassava contains some naturally occurring cyanide. And the space? /DisplayDocTitle false 4 0 obj 14 Amazing Benefits Of Taro Root And Its Nutritional Profile - STYLECRAZE Yuca is the root of the cassava plant. Seek medical help if you experience allergic reactions such as difficulty in breathing, hives, swelling of lips, face, throat and tongue. If you're wondering whether cassava root is too starchy to provide health benefits, you'll be pleasantly surprised to learn about its nutritional value and potential. It is useful for muscle pains, dysentery, diarrhea and rheumatism. There are possible interactions with other herbal supplements, so start with smaller doses to prevent side effects. (6), Astragalus has been usedto treat chronic asthma and determined to be a successful supplemental therapy and asthma natural remedy. The study shows that the improvement in serum lipid profiles and reduction in fatty liver was shown in mice. Programs and policies that make healthier foods more accessible, including promoting nutrition standards. (, Astragalus has been shown to help patients receiving chemotherapy to recover more quickly and extend their life spans. 3 0 obj >> The nutritional data above is from a Wegmans brand, which provides 600% or more of most B-vitamins per 16 grams. Contains elevated levels of antioxidants vitamins C and E and selenium to help reduce free radical damage.^4,5. Regain hair health, promote collagen synthesis and youthful appearance. Essential Nutrients for Plants - Texas A&M Agrilife Extension Service 2021 Healthbenefitstimes. Rhizome of Fingerroot has ethanolic extracts that helps to accelerate the wound healing process in rats. May be fed at room temperature or chilled. Turn container upside down and SHAKE VIGOROUSLY, using a twisting motion for at least 10 seconds. /NAME_fbifoeeggifkkjeoablbpnakmdeoagol 18 0 R Different. Three large eggs provide about 19 grams of high-quality protein. This herb root contains small quantities of many vital vitamins, including folic acid . >> Your device is now connected to the internet. /Producer (Winnovative HTML to PDF Converter 8.0) High In Vitamin C. Lotus root provides a good amount of vitamin C, an essential nutrient that plays a vital role in the immune system ( 1, 2 ). View on Agrilife Learn A plant that lacks an essential nutrient cannot complete its life cycle-the seed may not germinate; the plant may not be able to develop roots, stems, leaves, or flowers properly; or it may not be able to produce seeds to create new plants. (15), Astragalus has been shown to help patients receiving chemotherapy to recover more quickly and extend their life spans. Sports Nutrition Build strength, support joints, reach athletic goals, reduce injuries, increase endurance and optimize recovery. Your content has successfully downloaded and is available for you to view offline. It is also used to store food. 90% of health conditions and diseases can be prevented by proper nutrition and lifestyle modifications. 2018;20:2427-2445. doi:10.1007/s10668-017-9997-6. In cases of severe chemotherapy symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and bone marrow suppression, astragalus has been given intravenously and in combination with other Chinese herbal mixtures. Sebi, was born on November 26th, 1933 in Ilanga, Honduras. Only previously downloaded content is available. Here are a few recipes to try: Astragalus is generally safe to use with no serious side effects. Teatrical Tone . Cassava, konzo, and neurotoxicity. Values listed below are subject to change. (25). J Allergy Clin Immunol. Additional support from supplemental vitamins, minerals and botanicals that are specific to your needs. Increase energy and vitality with diet, circadian support and targeted supplementation. 2010;29(1):5-12. Packaged in a protective atmosphere. endobj Store unopened at room temperature avoiding prolonged exposure to light. (3), Flavanoids, also found in astragalus, provide health benefits through cell signaling. Collagen for Hair Growth: 5 Amazing Benefits - Dr. Kellyann When initiating feeding, follow physician's instructions.

Contains whey protein, which stimulates muscle protein synthesis to support the maintenance and repletion of lean body mass.

This gives valuable insight for identifying your habits and needs. 15 Healthy Root Vegetables and Their Key Nutrients Individuals with diseases like multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and other immune system conditions could be especially sensitive to astragalus. Our team includes licensed nutritionists and dietitians, certified health education specialists, as well as certified strength and conditioning specialists, personal trainers and corrective exercise specialists. Leaves are used for alleviating poisoning and allergies. A dry and irritated scalp can greatly impact your body's ability to grow high-quality hair. Studies showits ability to relieve insulin resistanceand treat diabetes naturally. .\\ .F Jan 2016 - Present7 years 2 months. ⁶ Lee P, et al. You can also make baked yuca fries, providing a healthier alternative to French fried potatoes. Vital 1.5kcal should be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional. It is also used to cure infections. garlic in brine health benefits - changing-stories.org /Name /NAME_ianjejbhglbjkdcjaelpnmhidfedphph Top 10 superfoods for breastfeeding moms. Sadly, though, the images no longer exist. Although more studies in humans are needed to solidify its effectiveness, success in rats, mice and other animals have prompted progressive research on the herb. 11 Ashwagandha Benefits for the Brain, Thyroid and Even Muscles (! Astragalus is a plant within the Leguminosae (beans or legumes) family, with a very long history as an immune system booster and disease fighter. Check it out if you're interested. The study shows that Fingerroot has high inhibitory activity against B.cereus, L.monocytogenes and S. Aureus. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. Medical Assistant - Careers At Legacy Community Health Services All rights reserved. Vital 1.5kcal is peptide-based* , nutritionally complete and available as a 1000ml Ready to Hang (RTH) tube feed, which attaches directly to Abbott Nutrition giving sets. 2002;60(11):326-334. /NAME_jgfnhelacagekhpeblgkebemcmljnblh 19 0 R 2022 Edible beats. Often the plant itself will die. Selenium - 20mcg/100g - Protects cells against free radicals. Adjust flow rate and volume according to patient's condition and tolerance. Health benefits. Support for clear, bright skin. %Created by Wnv/EP PDF Tools v8.0 Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US);2000. Produce for Better Health Foundation. Please check your internet connection and available storage space. Curry Leaves: Health Benefits, Nutrition Facts & Recipes - Medindia Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Somebut not allgrocery stores sell yuca in the produce section of the market. (9). endobj Local varieties of cassava: Conservation, cultivation and use in Uganda. Note : Nutritive value / 100 g of raw ingredients Diet &. /Type /Catalog /PageLayout /OneColumn Other Products from vital. Nutritional Info from the WebMD Ingredients Guide Serving Size 1 Teaspoon Calories 312 % Daily Value* Total Fat 3 g 4% Saturated Fat 2 g 10% Trans Fat 0 g Cholesterol 0 mg 0% Sodium 27 mg 1%. Infant and Young Child Feeding in Emergencies Toolkit. For supplemental or sole-source nutrition. /BBox [0.00000 0.00000 612.00000 55.00000] However, isolated cases of allergic reactions have been reported, including in 2003 in Mozambique, 2004 in Brazil, and 2007 in Spain. It is also used internally to eliminate flatulence, improve digestion and appetite. Liver Cleanse Formula - Zeigler's Natural Health Vitamins and minerals are essential substances that our bodies need to develop and function normally. Beets are low in calories and high in fiber that helps in digestion. Our team aims to be not only thorough with its research, but also objective and unbiased. 2008;79(3-5):101-108. /PDVRBM+Arial-BoldMT 17 0 R /HideToolbar false Cassava allergies have been shown to produce anaphylaxis and are believed to be associated with latex allergies, but more widespread studies are needed to confirm this connection. Astragalus roots areharvested from 4-year-old plants and are the only part of the plant thats used medicinally. *Peptides are partially broken down proteins, which makes them easier to digest and absorb in the gut than whole proteins. A woody vascular bundle runs along the root's axis. /MediaBox [0.00000 0.00000 612.00000 792.00000] It is also cultivated in India, Indonesia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand. /Resources << ² Tokunaga T, et al. /Pages 2 0 R Water, Corn Maltodextrin, Whey Protein Hydrolysate, Hydrolyzed Sodium Caseinate, Medium Chain Triglycerides. >> EPA (2.3 g/L) and DHA (0.9 g/L) from fish oil to help modulate inflammation and support immune function.^1,2, Has the recommended lipid profile for the severely critically ill patient, including EPA and DHA from fish oil, to help modulate inflammation.^1,2,3. x^n0vwi%mC#lTqO+/lH&$%CT Chinese ginger, Chinese key, Fingerroot, Lesser ginger, Bright yellow, aromatic, ovoid to globose, Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. At that time, calcium overload creates secondary damage. The majority of carbohydrates in yuca come from starch. In instances of chemoresistance treating liver cancer, astragalus has shown potential in reversing multidrug resistance and as an addition to conventional chemotherapy, according to a study published in the, The flavonoids present in astragalus are antioxidants thathelp prevent plaque buildup in arteries and narrowing of vessel walls by protecting the inner wall of the vessel. Targeted support for IBS, IBD, bloating, constipation, diarrhea and digestive discomfort. The gut plays a critical role in mediating the effects of diet and other factors on health- including digestive, immune, metabolic and neuroendocrine functions. Your content has successfully downloaded and is available for you to view offline. Remove dust cover from feeding set connector. x^K0 ^QfQ;Pq(M_n?,qNv4{y,Nt[*9{3(+9'p:t!NY|vh%i/SmC zT#8;ZPA0 YguHZBvJBqb|n^kF,%=g.gRyvd6bo qoiD Adverse effects to yuca are not likely unless it is consumed raw and proper preparation methods are not used. Unless otherwise specified, all product and services names appearing in this Internet site are trademarks owned by or licensed to Abbott, its subsidiaries or affiliates. eating reduced-fat dairy foods and lean meats, or trimming visible fat from meat; and limiting the consumption of baked and fried foods, and pre-packaged snacks and foods (e.g. Oat Milk: Benefits & Nutrition Facts | Organic Facts In general, its greatest strength is preventing and protecting cells against cell death and other harmful elements, such as free radicals and, and lesions to reducing inflammation in diabetic kidney disease. Oral Feeding: May be fed at room temperature or chilled. -Using my own intake forms, I take into account clients' needs regarding detoxification, micronutrients and . In contrast, cilantro's flavor is much stronger than Simply plant the sprouted seed in an unglazed cl BMC Complement Altern Med. Brown Rice Roots Rice Bulgur Kale Spinach Arcadian Mix Black Beans White Beans Chickpeas Cucumbers Tomatoes Onions Avocado Red Cabbage Carrots Calories 177 173 58 49 20 22 47 56 55 8 7 10 81 8.7 10.3 Carbs (g) 37 36 13 10 3 5 9 10 10 2 2 2 4 2.1 2.4 Rhizomes are used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Collagen Peptides; Lemon Collagen; Marine Collagen; Malia Frey is a weight loss expert, certified health coach, weight management specialist, personal trainer, and fitness nutrition specialist. Do you wish to continue and exit this website? Diet and supplement support for optimal strength, muscle retention, recovery, repair, and anti-inflammation. $29.99. Traditional uses and benefits of Spanish Cedar, Traditional uses and benefits of Asiatic Dayflower, Traditional uses and benefits of Climbing Dayflower, Traditional uses and benefits of Aquatic Rotula, Traditional uses and benefits of Hiptage (Helicopter Flower), Traditional uses and benefits of Blinding Tree, Prevents Helicobacter pylori, Prevent bacteria, Helpful for HIV patients, Inhibits giardiasis, Prevent cavity. Contains elevated levels of antioxidant vitamins C and E and selenium to help reduce free radical damage.^4,5, 21.1 mcg/L vitamin D to help meet the increased vitamin D needs of critically ill patients.^6,7. >>

Advanced blend of hydrolyzed protein, structured lipid, and prebiotics (NutraFlora scFOS)^* to support absorption and tolerance.

Avoid contamination during preparation and use. It has a mild, nutty taste . Taro Root: Health Benefits, Recommended Dosage, Uses, Safety - WebMD Cobalamin 0%. It also has 1000% of the daily value for vitamin B12.