Some airlines have installed a cockpit-controlled "sterile cockpit [Figure 8-10], One way of exploring the subject of stress with a student is to recognize when stress is affecting performance. When this training technique is used, instruction in the control of an aircraft by outside visual references is integrated with instruction in the use of flight instrument indications for the same operations, It important for the student to establish the habit of observing and relying on flight instruments from the beginning of flight training. Penal Code 9.31 discusses the use of non-deadly force and 9.32 discusses the use of deadly force. problems for these crews. This was our second highest source of deviation ", back The flight instructor must use good judgment when communicating with a solo student. Keep the sterile cockpit "clean." often has cruise altitudes below 10,000 feet MSL, offers a similar worthwhile The instructor must quickly evaluate the students need for help, and not hesitate to take control, if required. Numerous accidents have occurred due to a lack of communication or misunderstanding regarding who had actual control of the aircraft, particularly between students and flight instructors. They naturally accept the fact that the manipulation of the flight controls is identical, regardless of which references are used to determine the attitude of the aircraft. A problem is perceived first by the senses, and then is distinguished through insight and experience. and other activities along the route and were not observing the 'sterile cockpit' The student is not only learning to do something, but he or she is also learning a self-teaching process that is highly desirable in development of a skill, The exact procedures that the instructor should use during student practice depends on factors such as the students proficiency level, the type of maneuver, and the stage of training. connections, announcements made to passengers promoting the air carrier The explanation phase is accomplished prior to the flight lesson with a discussion of lesson objectives and completion standards, as well as a thorough preflight briefing. they noticed they were in an unplanned formation with a jet landing on the same Then, the instructor adds unforeseen circumstances such as a sudden change in weather that brings excessive winds during final approach. Pilots can improve flight safety significantly by reducing distractions during critical phases of flight. Studies have identified five hazardous attitudes that can affect a pilots ability to make sound decisions and exercise authority properly. with the proper conduct of those duties. The first of these phases is the students performance of the physical or mental skills that have been explained and demonstrated. When sight-seeing more than one culprit. After studying the chart, she concludes there is an airport which has fueling services within a reasonable distance along her route. An Instructor is an older troop member proficient in a Scouting skill who must also have the ability to teach that skill to others. Air traffic controllers, take notice: Distractions caused by flight attendants For example, if a discrepancy is found during preflight, what resources can be used to determine its significance? discovered, his absence from the ATC frequency caused an overload with his First Safety permitting, it is frequently better to let students progress part of the way into the mistake and find a way out. | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, Aviation Instructors Handbook (4-1) The Teaching Process. The instructor realized too late that the gear was still up. accidents. If a misunderstanding exists, it can be corrected before the student becomes absorbed in controlling the aircraft, Application is the third step in this method. The flight instructor is the only person in a position to make the determination a student is ready for solo operations. On the other hand, how does that jibe with the rule? Applying aviation's sterile cockpit rule may be a useful addition to our clinical practice. Over the years there have been dozens of air carrier accidents that occurred Additional information can be obtained from veteran flight instructors. Do not talk to the student on short final of the landing approach, During a post-solo debriefing, the flight instructor discusses what took place during the students solo flight. before landing. These data demonstrate increased distraction during emergence compared with other phases of anaesthesia. VFR into IMC accidents often lead to fatalities. conversation" does not always have to imply just those persons on board The common thread to the accidents were flight crews distracted from flying by non-essential conversations and activities during . should be given to developing something that doesn't create its own set of distractions. (b) No flight crew member may same way about their crew members. There are many types of assessment, but the flight instructor generally uses the review, collaborative assessment (LCG), written tests, and performance-based tests to ascertain knowledge or practical skill levels. He did not use the fuel tables printed in the pilots operating handbook (POH) for the aircraft he was flying on this trip. Furthermore, by requiring the first solo flight to consist of landings to a full stop, the flight instructor has the opportunity to stop the flight if necessary, In gliders, a low energy landing is the most desirable, based on current winds. This is especially true during a students first attempt at a particular maneuver. The real danger was inadvertent stalls induced by distractions during routine flight situations, Pilots at all skill levels should be aware of the increased risk of entering into an inadvertent stall or spin while performing tasks that are secondary to controlling the aircraft. The report said the crew was likely distracted Learning to manage time more effectively can help pilots avoid heavy pressures imposed by getting behind schedule and not meeting deadlines. During training, CFIs can routinely point out resources to students, Internal resources are found in the flight deck during flight. How far the aircraft rolls (steepness of the bank) depends on how long the ailerons are deflected, since the aircraft continues to roll as long as the ailerons are deflected. Additional information on recommendations and endorsements can be found in Appendix E, Flight Instructor Endorsements, Remember that students learning is sometimes subject to their environment, Be sure to provide challenges such as crosswinds in training before they see it on their checkride, or potentially worse, as a brand new pilot with passengers. After an intensive look at ADM with suggestions for how to interweave ADM, risk management, and SRM into the teaching process, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations. as "movement of an airplane under its own power on the surface of Despite all the changes in technology to improve flight safety, one factor remains the samethe human factor. While demonstrating inflight maneuvers, the instructor should explain the required power settings, aircraft attitudes, and describe any other pertinent factors that may apply. Regardless of how well a skill is taught, there may still be performance deficiencies. Sixty percent of stall/spin accidents occurred during takeoff and landing, and twenty percent were preceded by engine failure. Disinterest grows rapidly when unnecessary repetition and drill are requested on operations that have already been adequately learned, Worry or lack of interest has a detrimental effect on learning. Most pilots grew up on great movies like "Top Gun" and "Battle of Britain," and along with them, a cornucopia of nonstandard but truly entertaining communications like "tally-ho on that traffic," "climbing to angels 21" and" bandits at 12 o'clock high" began appearing in the vernacular of Cessna 172 and Piper Cherokee . This is the only step in which the student plays a passive role. Copyright SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 2021-2023. After weighing each information source, she concludes that the headwind has increased. The instructor must exercise good judgment to decide how much control to use. items totally unrelated to flying. Two benefits accrue from this step: the student, being freed from the need to concentrate on performance of the maneuver and from concern about its outcome, is able to organize his or her thoughts regarding the steps involved and the techniques to be used. No distinction in the pilots operation of the flight controls is permitted, regardless of whether outside references or instrument indications are used for the performance of the maneuver. The Sterile Cockpit Rule is an FAA regulation requiring pilots to refrain from non-essential activities during critical phases of flight. Truly, the sterile While being vectored in a busy terminal A sterile cockpit has nothing to do with the cleanliness of the physical environment. Resources must not only be identified, but students must also develop the skills to evaluate whether they have the time to use a particular resource and the impact that its use would have upon the safety of flight. For that reason, CFIs should encourage each student to learn as much as he or she is capable of and keep raising the bar. In many districts, the board has delegated authority to an administrator or third party to hear the expulsion case. All rights reserved. However, at a minimum, the instructor needs to cite the appropriate 14 CFR part 61 section that has been completed, FAA inspectors and DPEs rely on flight instructor recommendations as evidence of qualification for certification, and proof that a review has been given of the subject areas found to be deficient on the appropriate knowledge test. This appendix also includes references to 14 CFR Part 61, Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors, for more details concerning the requirements that must be met to qualify for each respective endorsement. [Figure 8-8], In order for a student to self-examine behaviors during flight, he or she must be taught the potential risks caused from hazardous attitudes and, more importantly, the antidote for each. The chapter begins with practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, the demonstration-performance training delivery method of flight instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate students. The sterile cockpit rule is a good rule because Students who do not understand the principles involved will probably not be able to do this successfully, Flight instructors have the responsibility to provide guidance and restraint with respect to the solo operations of their students. A pilot in command (PIC) must know when to tell any passengers, even a DPE, when the PIC finds actions in the aircraft that distract and interfere with the safe conduct of the flight, Integrated flight instruction is flight instruction during which students are taught to perform flight maneuvers both by outside visual references and by reference to flight instruments. Hazardous attitudes contribute to poor pilot judgment and affect the quality of decisions, Attitude can be defined as a personal motivational predisposition to respond to persons, situations, or events in a given manner. (b) No flight crewmember may engage in, nor may any pilot in command permit, any activity during a critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crewmember from the performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way with the proper conduct of those duties. Signing this recommendation imposes a serious responsibility on the flight instructor. Jumping, Aiming and Breaking, learn how to hit center ball. Time of day is a factor in traffic congestion, possible winds, sun angles, and reflection, If possible, the flight instructor needs access to a portable radio during any supervised solo operations. Keep all radio communications to a minimum. The steps leading to this conclusion constitute the decision-making process. The student who hesitates when prompt action is required, or who makes the decision to not decide, has made a wrong decision. Refer to chapter 5 for an in-depth discussion of the types of assessment available to the flight instructor, An assessment can also be used as a tool for reteaching. FAR 121.542, often referred to as the "Sterile Cockpit Rule", reads: (a) No certificate holder shall require, nor may any flight crewmember perform, any duties during a critical phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation of the aircraft. These same abilities, as well as an objective analysis of all available information, are used to determine the exact nature and severity of the problem, One critical error that can be made during the decision-making process is incorrectly defining the problem. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by; 29 Jun 22; ricotta cheese factory in melbourne; instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept byis sonny barger still alive in 2020 Duties such as company required calls made for non-safety For example, the assistance of ATC may be very useful if a pilot is lost. This helps the student develop good off-field landings techniques. However, in an emergency situation when action needs be taken quickly, time may not be available to contact ATC immediately. Since students generally imitate the instructors performance, the instructor must demonstrate the skill exactly the way the students are expected to practice it, including all safety procedures that the students must follow. What is a 'sterile cockpit'. From a broader perspective, the phrase "human factors related" more aptly describes these accidents since it is usually not a single decision that leads to an accident, but a chain of events triggered by a number of factors, The poor judgment chain, or the error chain, describes this concept of contributing factors in a human factors related accident. If the airplane has a canopy or roof window, wearing light-colored, porous clothing and a hat helps provide protection from the sun. 10,000 feet, except cruise flight. when the crew diverted attention from the task at hand and became occupied with Creating the impression of talking down to the student is one of the fastest ways for an instructor to lose student confidence and attention. This concept should be emphasized to students and reinforced when training procedures are performed. Therefore, in addition to forcing total concentration on the part of the student, this method provides a means for keeping the instructor aware of what the student is thinking. After reaching his destination, the pilot did not request refueling. The self-assessment is followed by an in-depth discussion between the instructor and the student which compares the instructors assessment to the students self-assessment, During the students first solo flight, the instructor must be present to assist in answering questions or resolving any issues that arise during the flight. In a typical flight lesson, reasonable goals are listed in the lesson objectives and the desired levels of proficiency for the goals are included in statements that contain completion standards, Impatience is a greater deterrent to learning pilot skills than is generally recognized. the aircraft was slightly off course and flying at an altitude of 560 For example, during a go-around, adding power, gaining airspeed, and properly configuring the aircraft are priorities. students should be able to identify their own skills and knowledge, aeronautical charts, ATC, flight service, and navigation equipment as some of the resources that can be used in this situation, Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks to avoid work overload. PBL structures the lessons to confront students with problems that are encountered in real life and forces them to reach real-world solutions. cockpit needs to be cleaned up. Passengers are told to shut up and any conversation or activity not related to the takeoff or landing is not permitted while the aircraft is taking off, landing or involved in any "critical phase" of flight. Stress is the bodys response to demands placed upon it. students should never be allowed to exceed the flight instructors limits. The instructor should also try to determine if there are aspects of pilot training that are causing excessive amounts of stress for the student. environment. SMALL TALK, BIG DISTRACTION: TAKING A LOOK AT THE STERILE COCKPIT CONCEPT THROUGH THE LENS OF HELICOPTER OPERATIONS related records are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. This is also true with the flight proficiency endorsement that is placed in the applicants logbook or training record (Advisory Circular (AC) 61-65). Providing a solo endorsement for a student who is not fully prepared to accept the responsibility for solo flight operations, or providing an endorsement for an additional rating to a pilot not meeting the appropriate regulatory requirements, is also a breach of faith with the applicant, As discussed on page 8-2, aviation training and flight operations are now seen as a system rather than individual concepts. It is easy to determine whether an error is induced by a misconception or by a simple lack of motor skills. a pretty good idea when it is first considered. admits to conversation not pertinent to flying duties: Five reports detailed extraneous The goal of system safety is for pilots to utilize all four concepts (ADM, risk management, situational awareness, and SRM) so that risk can be reduced to the lowest possible level, ADM is a systematic approach to the mental process used by aircraft pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances. Instancia integrada por cuatro diputados miembros de la Comisin Jurisdiccional, que tiene a su cargo practicar todas las diligencias necesarias para la comprobacin de la conducta o hecho de responsabilidad poltica y/o penal de algn servidor pblico incluido en el artculo 110 constitucional . The demonstration-performance method is divided into four phases: explanation, demonstration, student performance with instructor supervision, and evaluation. ATC can help decrease pilot workload by providing traffic advisories, radar vectors, and assistance in emergency situations. Some reports contained The pilot lost directional control during landing and swerved off the runway into the grass. safe operation of the aircraft. related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger This may be done as each procedure or maneuver is completed or summarized during postflight critiques. The instructor must be alert and ensure the students understand the objectives of each step of their training, and that they know at the completion of each lesson exactly how well they have progressed and what deficiencies are apparent. to fly together for several days and never discuss anything except items related When a flight crew's Rules and regulations are designed to address known or suspected conditions detrimental to safety, but there is always the probability that some new combination of circumstances not contemplated by the regulations will arise, The recognition of aviation training and flight operations as a system led to a "system approach" to aviation safety. Exact interpretation of what constitutes the "sterile zone" is influenced by aircraft type, role, and operating environment. using engine anti-ice for takeoff during a blinding snow storm. was sitting on the jump seat. As discussed in chapters 4 and 5, SBT uses a highly structured script of real-world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. It is difficult for students to learn a maneuver properly if they seldom have the opportunity to correct an error, On the other hand, students may perform a procedure or maneuver correctly and not fully understand the principles and objectives involved. Officer. However, the effects of stress are cumulative and, if not coped with adequately, they eventually add up to an intolerable burden. In addition to policy development, a board of education may become involved in student discipline when it is necessary to expel a student from school. Stress is an inevitable and necessary part of life; it adds motivation and heightens an individuals response to meet any challenge, Everyone is stressed to some degree all the time. When the decision-making process is presented to students, it is essential to discuss how the process applies to an actual flight situation. potentially dangerous. As an example, a level turn might be demonstrated and described by the instructor in the following way: Use outside visual references and monitor the flight instruments, After clearing the airspace around the aircraft, add power slightly, turn the aircraft in the desired direction, and apply a slight amount of back pressure on the yoke to maintain altitude. dangerous, but it is illegal, as well. Based on insight, cross-country flying experience, and knowledge of weather systems, she considers the possibility that she has an increased headwind. While progress is continually being made in the advancement of pilot training methods, aircraft equipment and systems, and services for pilots, accidents still occur. When the aircraft was fueled the following morning, 60 gallons of fuel were required to fill the 62-gallon capacity tanks. Use ADM to correct faulty approaches and landing errors. In addition, it should be demonstrated in the same sequence in which it was explained so as to avoid confusion and provide reinforcement. This is admittedly difficult, but must be accomplished if learning is to proceed at a normal rate, Worries and emotional upsets that result from a flight training course can be identified and addressed. Although not all assessments lend themselves to reteaching, the instructor should be alert to the possibility and take advantage of the opportunity when it arises. On the other hand, if a student is progressing normally, the instructor should avoid unnecessary interruptions or too much assistance, A typical test of how much control is needed often occurs during a students first few attempts to land an aircraft. While these pressures may exist in the workplace, students may also experience the same type of stress regarding their flight training schedule. After an intensive look at ADM, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations and endorsements, A CFI must be thoroughly familiar with the functions, characteristics, and proper use of all flight instruments, avionics, and other aircraft systems being used for training. The report cited the pilot and co-pilot for poor This is where learning takes place and where performance habits are formed. If, due to some unanticipated circumstances the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, As discussed in chapter 4, these two phases involve separate actions that are performed concurrently. [Figure 8-3], Poor instructional presentations may result not only from poor preparation, but also from distracting mannerisms, personal untidiness, or the appearance of irritation with the student. This may prompt the student to evaluate how these factors affect performance and judgment. Worry or distraction may be due to student concerns about progress in the training course, or may stem from circumstances completely unrelated to their instruction. operations conducted below 10,000 feet MSL, except cruise flight. The student must be intellectually and psychologically ready for the learning activity. The first effect of high workload is that the pilot begins to work faster. It is not necessarily a function of physical robustness or mental acuity. The FAA holds him or her accountable. indicated that the pilot was having a conversation with a passenger who Human Error in Aviation and Legal Process, Stabilised Approach Awareness Toolkit for ATC, Flight Deck Procedures (A Guide for Controllers), International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), "Accident and Incident Reports Show Importance of Sterile Cockpit Compliance". shows, the consequences of non-compliance can be very serious. The safety record of pilots who hold instrument ratings is significantly better than that of pilots with comparable flight time who have never received formal flight training for an instrument rating. Certain obstacles are common to flight instruction and may apply directly to the students attitude, physical condition, and psychological make-up. an airport. In Europe the Sterile Cockpit concept is addressed byEU-OPS 1.085paragraph (f)(9) although in less explicit terms than the FAR: The commander shallnot permit any crew member to perform any activity during take-off, initial climb, final approach and landing except those duties required for the safe operation of the aeroplane; Regardless of regulation, many operators have chosen voluntarily to apply similar rules within their company. . Based on his original calculations, he believed sufficient fuel remained for the flight home, Fatigue/failure to recognize personal limitationsin the presence of deteriorating weather, the pilot departed for the flight home at 5:00 p.m. It is equally important for the student to learn the feel of the airplane while conducting maneuvers, such as being able to feel when the airplane is out of trim or in a nose-high or nose-low attitude. 14 CFR Section 91.3, Responsibility and Authority of the Pilot in Command, states that "In an inflight emergency requiring immediate action, the pilot in command may deviate from any rule of this part to the extent required to meet that emergency", Flight instructors should incorporate ADM, risk management, situational awareness, and SRM throughout the entire training course for all levels of students. they lost their landing sequence, and the pilot's pride was hurt. In addition, their motivation suffers no matter how intent they are on learning to fly. (c) For the purposes of this Traditional pilot instruction has emphasized flying skills, knowledge of the aircraft, and familiarity with regulations. it clearly defines when it is time to set aside non-essential activities and important. Portale di Economia e Finanza. When pointing out areas that need improvement, offer concrete suggestions that help. Learn how to play pool better; offense, defense, safety and warm up drills by the top pool coach and instructor in the world, The Drill Instructor. Plus, the instructor is able to evaluate the students understanding of the factors involved in performance of the maneuver, According to the principle of primacy, it is important for the instructor to make sure the student gets it right the first time. The ability to make effective decisions as PIC depends on a number of factors. If this fluid is not replaced, fatigue progresses to dizziness, weakness, nausea, tingling of hands and feet, abdominal cramps, and extreme thirst, Heatstroke is a condition caused by any inability of the body to control its temperature. When necessary, the instructor should take the controls and calmly announce, "I have the flight controls." In spite of the existence of the However, these procedures require Two reports demonstrated that a cockpit [Figure 8-9] For example, if a student has an easy time with flight training and seems to understand things very quickly, there may be a potential for that student to have a "macho" hazardous attitude. Instructors need to be involved in all aspects of the flight to ensure the student utilizes correct flight procedures. The instructor observes as the student performs, and then makes appropriate comments, In this phase, the instructor traditionally evaluates student performance, records the students performance, and verbally advises the student of the progress made toward the objectives. To prevent these symptoms, it is recommended that an ample supply of water be carried and used at frequent intervals on any long flight, whether the pilot is thirsty or not. This focuses concentration on the task to be accomplished, so that total involvement in the maneuver is fostered. As pilots, we pride ourselves on the ability to multitask. the danger is that i can appear to be . This tendency will dissipate with time, but allowing the student to see the effect of his or her control input is a valuable aid in illustrating the stability of the aircraft. This demonstration should in no instance be less than the complete procedure prescribed in the applicable PTS, When the instructor endorses the applicant for the practical test, his or her signature on the FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, is valid for 60 days. In this step, the student actually plays the role of instructor, telling the instructor what to do and how to do it. It is recommended that the Captain, during the pre-departure When the instructor suspects this, students should be required to vary the performance of the maneuver slightly, combine it with other operations, or apply the same elements to the performance of other maneuvers. Reviewing the appropriate chart and setting radio frequencies well in advance of need helps reduce workload as the flight nears the airport. full of sight-seeing crew members is an ASRS report looking for a place to happen by the conversation. specifically prohibit crew member performance of non-essential duties or activities This reviewer used the ASRS database These demands can be either pleasant or unpleasant in nature. Nothing destroys a students interest as quickly as a poorly organized period of instruction. accident on 84 southington today, cheapest narm museum membership,