provides open learning resources for your academics, careers, intellectual development, and other wisdom related purposes. 5,000 & 8,000 \\ /Name /F3 Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristics in judgment and decision-making,[15] most notably Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman results published in a series of influential articles. "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information. /CS /DeviceRGB category based and other attribute based, on this continuum people can be perceived 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] What kinds of differences are found in attention, cognition, emotion and behaviors based on cultural dimensions such as independence/interdependence or individualistic versus collectivist? << /GS8 28 0 R /Font << What kinds of information does a flawed scientist use when thinking about the behavior of others? -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. [26] [27], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. endobj 1 0 obj What does meta-analysis discover about cultural differences in conformity and aggression. /F4 24 0 R That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. /Type /Group [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. 2,000 & 11,000 \\ 269273 . /Parent 2 0 R >> Social Psychology: A Very Short Introduction - Oxford Academic /FirstChar 32 /F3 23 0 R PDF SOCIAL COGNITION - SAGE Publications Inc 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] Psychology of Social Behaviors Cheat Sheet - Nave Scientist: need to New York . -Responses varied across cultures >> What is what? Deep Thinkers, Cognitive Misers, and Moral Responsibility - JSTOR /S /Transparency endobj /Resources << traits associated with the stereotype. People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under certain conditions. /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) endobj /Nums [0 [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. /Parent 2 0 R /ExtGState << << -Holistic thinking: focuses on the surroundings, central figure and foreground In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R /Length 2864 6,000 & 7,000 \\ /Subtype /Type0 >> /Producer /Lang (en-US) Social Psychology 1 Flashcards /F1 21 0 R -Not enough information: one-shot exposure, fundamental attribution error (the person's fault not ours). /Macrosheet /Part 667 556 611 722 722 944 0 0 0 333 based on similarity. attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? << 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R /Pages 2 0 R AVERSIVE /Type /Group It is an important concept in social cognition theory and . -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. \hline \$ 8,000 & 5,000 \text { diamonds } \\ >> /F4 24 0 R [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by HaroldKelley and BernardWeiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamentalattributionerror. -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) >> the degree to which something is extreme) is The cognitive miser theory is an . /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Introducing Cram Folders! Social cognition// Heuristics Flashcards by Ellie Brown - Brainscape >> How does the brain respond to social rejection? What is situated social cognition? /F1 21 0 R 10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.029. Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices.[38]. How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? . Contents. [5] [6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. c. Cognitive miser model d. Nave scientist model 6. [10] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. % ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert /CA 1 [15][pageneeded]. % heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -Diffusion of responsibility: reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. [37] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. /CS /DeviceRGB |k, y+zSe(S")0(|c^$i)}`#_~:ppq(i.kyo(|49R;e3!q|k0d8zhT6ax >> For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). as. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. /S /Transparency The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. /ExtGState << /Contents 40 0 R In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. >> . /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices." Information from the outside world i Negativity bias refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on one's psychological state Schema is concept by J. Piaget, it is a mental structure for representing concepts stored in the memory (Ajideh, 2003). Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. /Type /Pages /ExtGState << /BaseFont /Times-Bold Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 xZ[o:~|VDJ vlm\,>8kzI#Hg87\u4_|6es^,.75>.z Fgq=q?"baKFKX>aY.wrw7d/yss7u',>#=6u_@fVubl+6"(ehK}~aOS&q1~_Xr[\eQ/FTvqg4;8V=q.0bIA_:?tb.OtD*x"[ =v:Zz=7;s+w@Y{~;\11k0_~z9PwZWBf~8Me((hI'8B)|]>r KP+b:PS6zONv3oq^C%-G L~C The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". /Footnote /Note How does the presence of others affect a task that is difficult/not well practiced? Which is viewed as more homogeneous? /Group << Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. -Exploit the minority to gain your own resources -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. /Worksheet /Part [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R Gordon Pennycook . [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributionalbiases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. In par-ticular, this need . /F3 23 0 R -Causes: the benefit of anonymity, -Prejudice: drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. /Type /Group Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term "cognitive miser" to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising one's beliefs. What does WEIRD refer to? A history of social cognition. - APA PsycNET [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. instead, they are strategic in their allocation of cognitive resources, deciding whether to b a cognitive miser or a naive scientist depending on the situation: Term. 5 [166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /FontDescriptor 365 0 R How does a "flawed scientist" reason? -Social loafing: where individuals become less productive in groups << things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . /Name /F2 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R /Group << People are fully engaged in their thought processes, and choose between a number of different cognitive strategies depending on which best suits their current goals, motives, and needs b. -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy -Motivation: feel good -Post decision dissonance: start like flawed scientists after we're motivated to who'd rather feel right not only vary in content but in structure too in terms of the intra-category a. System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. /LastChar 32 This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[41]. -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. Rationality and the reflective mind . >> Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion: Central vs. Peripheral ] What percentage showed complete compliance? 4,000 & 9,000 \\ The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. Social Thinkers - Issuu /F2 22 0 R /GS8 28 0 R /Contents 41 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Parent 2 0 R /Contents 39 0 R When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 /Font << 2 . 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R /F1 21 0 R << >> /Contents 44 0 R But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. [29][30] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. [32] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. How does the combined spending on both types of consumer goods compare to the spending on services? >> << 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 500 500 Introducing Cram Folders! Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. Everything you always wanted to know. Activated actor c. Cognitive miser d. Motivated tactician 11. 1,000 & 12,000 partner, friend, parent, celebrities), Role schema: knowledge structures about role occupants(e.g. Tears in the Graeco-Roman World - academia.edu /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. Sometimes leads us to hold on to incorrect and negativebeliefs/schemas. 322 0 R 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R /Subtype /Type1 Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. How do responses on the TST illustrate the characteristics of different cultures? Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. What is obedience? /Tabs /S >> [32] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. /F3 23 0 R %PDF-1.5 How can norms influence prejudice and discrimination? >> *P?9-(A4wP"gr=I @OkZR+tfOBT$!/47(}X0N>q*0@pa 6G$B3WG$ucj?d7tN%1LiWmqw orY;M#a~)vTiU o2"yHaUr@JiilHcGo'5"I;Y?D-'y~ What is in-group bias? /LastChar 239 What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 /F4 24 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB Book: Stanovich, Keith E. . /F4 24 0 R /GS8 28 0 R [clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. >> Political cognition - Wikipedia [9][pageneeded] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. << >> 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R] [34], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dual process theory in psychology. Explain Naive Scientist: NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world . Which is viewed as more heterogeneous? /F1 21 0 R An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . Sie suchen nach einem 70413 lego, das Ihren Ansprchen gerecht wird? concept, type of stimulus). /Footer /Sect Suppose that the marginal cost of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule: PriceQuantity$8,0005,000diamonds7,0006,0006,0007,0005,0008,0004,0009,0003,00010,0002,00011,0001,00012,000\begin{array}{rl} [5][page needed] CallUrl('en>wikipedia>org> 500 0 0 389 278] Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[30]. Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. Does a flawed scientist use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? Please select the correct language below. /GS7 27 0 R A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. [30] Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[31]. [28] [29] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. /Type /StructTreeRoot [2] [20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. She chooses to stop deliberation and act Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Social Psychology: Bringing It All Together, Summative (additive model): the valence of all traits are summed, Averaging: the valence of all traits are averaged, Weighted averaging: the valence of all traits are first weighted (based on the importance of the variable within the context) and then averaged regarded as the, People may sense the world similarly, but perceive it differently. Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way. 28 0 obj << /FirstChar 32 -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. Narcissism Individual differences variable character ized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. /Type /Page /F3 23 0 R Main Point: aside from cognition motivation also plays a large role in the social thinker. [9] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. >> -People get aroused in crowds and self-awareness dissipates. -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people /F1 21 0 R Exemplar view: representation is set of examples of members. 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 7,000 & 6,000 \\ Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. * Naive scientist (Psychology) - Definition - Lexicon & Encyclopedia - MiMi In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. What is social facilitation? >> -Lowballing: getting people to commit to a certain amount clothes, grooming), motives, feelings, attitudes, interests, People combine attributes/traits that have valence into an overall positive or negative impression (Anderson, 1978). Cognitive miser Wiki - everipedia.org