Bassists generally assumed the role of timekeeper, while drummers functioned in a dual capacity. early style of "Hot Jazz" made its way north to Chicago and east to 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this This also contributed to the loose and spontaneous feel of KC Jazz. It is usually played by big band ensembles that use a rhythm section with drums, bass, sometimes a guitar, and almost always a piano, a brass section of trumpets and trombones, and a reed section of saxophones and clarinets. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. accompaniment (acoustic bass with piano and/or guitar). baritone saxophone. [26], Typical big band arrangements from the swing era were written in strophic form with the same phrase and chord structure repeated several times. Stream Jazz" by combining a jazz combo with symphony orchestra. To learn more about the book this website supports, please visit its, You must be a registered user to view the. And what better instrument to provide a bona fide rhythm for a swing band than a set of drums? Charlie Parkers album South of the Border illustrated the influence of this genre on a bop artist, and the Tokyo Cuban Boys, an Afro-Cuban band dating from the postWorld War II years, exemplified the musics international appeal. During the next decades, ballrooms filled with people doing the jitterbug and Lindy Hop. Modern big bands can be found playing all styles of jazz music. [1], Duke Ellington led his band at the Cotton Club in Harlem. Glenn Miller used a clarinet over his saxophone for identification. Company" vocal jazz ensemble performing a the Lincoln Center in New York Orleans musicians begin to consolidate the drum section (bass, snare, cymbals) commonly found in early New Orleans brass bands. He created his band as a vehicle for his compositions. In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. Orchestra. leaders in America. It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). [22] Some bandleaders, such as Guy Lombardo, performed works composed by others (in Lombardo's case, often by his brother Carmen),[23] while others, such as Maria Schneider, take on all three roles. 1560 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<10C156E632F2BA46ADA9AD0651C7900F><95985AC68A5B3B44A7FED2E54018B539>]/Index[1554 17]/Info 1553 0 R/Length 52/Prev 145355/Root 1555 0 R/Size 1571/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Apart from the star soloists, many musicians received low wages and would abandon the tour if bookings disappeared. One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. It served to distract people from the daily grind of reality. Bio Big Band Theory 1U^ p(s XA@H:@!+H30q:pYL4#9 S Above all else, Swing music is dance music which means it was: This also meant it was incredibly commercial. (Click on the titles of the pieces are described below. A general format emerged from the creation of a swing jazz arrangement. So generally the pianist played very rhythmically, and helped keep the beat. shows the development of the main jazz styles in relation to other aspects of Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot.Shep Fields appeared with his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in a playful and integrated animated performance of "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" in the musical extravaganza The Big Broadcast of 1938. They had Count Basie, they had Benny Moten, they had George Lee, they had Junior Lee, they had Lester Young, they had Walter Brown., What I heard in that first nine-piece Basie band was the sort of free, swinging jazz that I have always preferred. Holiday crossed musical genres, singing jazz, blues, and pop while keeping her individual singing style. A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. Unlike the concert band, the lead players should never be seated on the end of the section. The first chorus of an arrangement introduces the melody and is followed by choruses of development. He was a pianist, accompanist, and music director for blues singers, dancers, and comedians. Hot Swing (people like Duke Ellington) was more daring, experimental, faster, with longer improvisations, stronger rhythmic drive, and a rough blues feeling. Trumpet image courtesy: PJ via Wikimedia Commons, Saxophone image courtesy: via Wikimedia Commons, Keyboard image courtesy: Eurotuber via Wikimedia Commons, Double Bass image courtesy: David Price via Wikimedia Commons, Drum set image courtesy: Pbroks13 via Wikimedia Commons, Gumbo image courtesy: Amadscientist via Wikimedia Commons, For more than 10 years, The Classic Swing Band of Dallas has offered the best in live entertainment. - the tuba was replaced the string bass - the banjo was replaced the guitar - (a&c on test) Kenton pushed the boundaries of big bands by combining clashing elements and by hiring arrangers whose ideas about music conflicted. daring arrangements of classic jazz tunes. Big band - Wikipedia initiated by a 4-measure lead-in improvised over a "C" chord Benny GOODMAN (1909-1986): Sing, Sing, Sing! They had the Blue Devils. Transcontinental trips often required a stop in one of these cities. Fitzgerald recorded several standards that became hit songs. Fletcher Henderson (18971952) is credited with creating the pattern for swing arrangements. And after years of economic depression, many Americans wanted to have fun. collectively . Tenor saxophonist Lester Young (19091959) had a different approach than Hawkins and used a lighter tone. One of the most common forms used in jazz here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of The style features prominent horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a consistent rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie-type bass lines. By 1937, the "sweet jazz band" saxophonist Shep Fields was also featured over the airways on the NBC radio network in his Rippling Rhythm Revue, which also showcased a young Bob Hope as the announcer. New York in the late 1920s. Big bands maintained a presence on American television, particularly through the late-night talk show, which has historically used big bands as house accompaniment. HWYo8~G ("b+[:r$%_r8oFdnIt]5pu\Kr|z~+au/I8vTm3}` e (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the . Walter Page is often credited with developing the walking bass,[38] though earlier examples exist, such as Wellman Braud on Ellington's Washington Wabble from 1927. freedom vs. chaos. [30], Some big ensembles, like King Oliver's, played music that was half-arranged, half-improvised, often relying on head arrangements. A. Rolfe, Anna Mae Winburn, and Ina Ray Hutton.[35]. ragtime The Ellington orchestra succeeded in part through the expert use and contribution of consistently talented and unique players. Western swing musicians also formed popular big bands during the same period. Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. The string bass replaced the tuba and the guitar replaced the banjo. Yes drums are like the Roux or Fil in Gumbo. 1. (As told to Albert Murray). When the trumpets and saxophones are combined in a musical accompaniment, they can lead a vibrant and multi-toned swing melody. D. in History from the University of California, Berkeley. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. In the 1970s, popular fusion groups included BLOOD, SWEAT & TEARS, CHICAGO, and SANTANA who specialized in less improvised tunes with more emphasis on sentimentality, featuring somewhat slower-paced, often heart-felt songs.[43]. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. Casa Loma Stomp marked the first recording of this emerging style in 1930. [28] This development may take the form of improvised solos, written solo sections, and "shout choruses". Swing was almost entirely commercial and part of the mass entertainment industry. However, jazz continued its artistic evolution as swing became established around 1929. trombonist Glenn MILLER incorporated can keep track of this form by counting to 4 twelve times ("1 2 3 4", "2 2 3 4", "3 2 3 4", "4 2 3 4", "5 2 3 4", etc. Phil Spitalny, a native of Ukraine, led a 22-piece female orchestra known as Phil Spitalny and His Hour of Charm Orchestra, named for his radio show, The Hour of Charm, during the 1930s and 1940s. Bandleaders dealt with these obstacles through rigid discipline (Glenn Miller) and canny psychology (Duke Ellington). About Swing - University of Chicago Hickman's arranger, Ferde Grof, wrote arrangements in which he divided the jazz orchestra into sections that combined in various ways. Big bands started as accompaniment for dancing. %%EOF below to see YouTube performance clips), - [1][2] The division in early big bands, from the 1920s to 1930s, was typically two or three trumpets, one or two trombones, three or four saxophones, and a rhythm section of four instruments. The music of Count Basie (19041984) represents a leading voice in the big band style. And there were also 2 different styles of Swing music. [9] During the 1940s, somewhat smaller configurations of the big band emerged in the form of the "rhythm sextet". Big Band Music - The Most Popular Swing & Jazz Orchestras - Jazzfuel However, its so large that its most often placed upright next to the bassist when its being played. Gioia, Ted. Carnegie Halls interactive Timeline of African American Music is dedicated to the loving memory of the late soprano and recitalist Jessye Norman. Traveling conditions and lodging were difficult, in part due to segregation in most parts of the United States, and the personnel often had to perform having had little sleep and food. They refuse to look for new ideas and new outlets, so they fall by the waysideIm going to try to find out the new ideas before the others do., I stole everything I ever heard, but mostly I stole from the horns.. intricate fast rhythms and tremendous The Cotton Club, Harlem, New York City, early 1930s. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. DoZjyk]Z^0])*6`pje?NG.s#n1[Mgv,3/W5k'(?_pq,JZ7jaF:m(YTm7RhoQ>luNRjY%- I) Louis ARMSTRONG (1900-1971): Hotter Than That (1927). Boyd Raeburn drew from symphony orchestras by adding flute, French horn, strings, and timpani to his band. ,r,el1)PrPer{mN,cq+W!yJn?@}gU-+GACIuyrPgnpQCZ76il9%0A9b vr, Q&L Sc3oX *{{toV virtuosity. early style of "Hot Jazz" made its way north to Chicago and east to hb```. @1&$3.YTyfx.=**hE+f|5SSz/=n/ clarinetist, In the late 1940s, progressive Another interesting and important development happened with Swing improvisation. out of tune) notes, (4) and even a section with Armstrong's famous "scat Many Kansas City bands featured head arrangements, which were . In the 1950s, a smooth style of "West a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, Boogie-woogie is characterized by its well-known All Jazz styles have two common features: - Jazz Summary - Ole Miss They can be used to produce a melody or harmony for nearly every musical style. From A standard big band consists of saxes, trumpets and trombones with a rhythm section. Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. Since keyboards are essentially advanced incarnations of pianos, they can be used to quietly accompany the rhythm section of a swing band or to play a quiet harmony. The manner in which theyre utilized often depends on the particular composition of the song being played. KC Jazz marked the transition from the heavily structured, arranged and written out Big Band style of Swing to the more fluid and improvisation style of Bebop. While each instrument in a swing band can be compared to an ingredient in Gumbo, none of them have been equated with the seasoning so far. Other methods of embellishing the form include modulations and cadential extensions. An Autobiography: John Hammond on Record with Irvin Townsend. has undergone several stylisdtic transformations, the most significant of which During the 1930s, Earl Hines and his band broadcast from the Grand Terrace in Chicago every night across America. As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. [21] Bandleaders are typically performers who assemble musicians to form an ensemble of various sizes, select or create material for them, shape the musics dynamics, phrasing, and expression in rehearsals, and lead the group in performance often while playing alongside them. Arrangers notated specific notes for each instrument to play in every measure on a written score. Music is My Mistress. Other bandleaders used Brazilian and Afro-Cuban music with big band instrumentation, and big bands led by arranger Gil Evans, saxophonist John Coltrane (on the album Ascension from 1965) and bass guitarist Jaco Pastorius introduced cool jazz, free jazz and jazz fusion, respectively, to the big band domain. DG Ch 6-10 - Flashcards | StudyHippo.com In the 1960s, Gunther SCHULLER developed a style known as "Third In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman progression and the same number of measures/beats, but it may be applied to Many college and university music departments offer jazz programs and feature big band courses in improvisation, composition, arranging, and studio recording, featuring performances by 18 to 20 piece big bands.[46]. The swing style developed in the 1930s and continued to be popular throughout the 1940s and beyond as a distinctive genre. This was in part due to a political organization called the Pendergast Machine which encouraged a nightclub atmosphere. . in Blue (1925). Swing was the predominant style of jazz music played from the late 1920s to mid-1940s. bWkwf>JW'wJj_]6/?NxP]-0_wg"2;WjbuY5sujr7g/sueG>trp~ZBV7]M(//m!o/f[^fb]x>f]aX?UnAW|ng)]s? Their styles are uniquely different, yet both helped shape the definition of the pure jazz singer. Swing grew out of New Orleans Jazz and the evolved into Bebop. The 194244 musicians' strike worsened the situation. They established independent patterns for the trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and the rhythm section within segments of the arrangement that featured improvised solos. Louis Armstrong was the first to establish vocals as a part of an instrumental tradition. For example, Tommy Dorsey played with a beautiful tone and control on the trombone. His famous recording Body and Soul, recorded in 1939, is known for its continuous smooth sound. Hawkins made his first recording with Fletcher Henderson and he would go on to perform throughout England and Europe. Jazz elements into his famous musical, Many of the great swing bands broke up, as the times and tastes changed. (Change the second verb to the future progressive form.). Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. And they played a particular type of Swing in Kansas City known as: Kansas City Jazz. In 1927, he taught music at Manassas High School in Memphis and organized a student jazz band. L6G9MTRv&hVSOC9Y)~06CW)j#8qE#C?YOK%d\SC9IT~U {J;F\m`F># "C" Jam Blues (1942). black jazz musicians developed an. Q G("CH^T)daA]yg~zN^y>.g~01D%>7dj.|K+8'9 q*U!i|O1#"v\YOGtc_GD1JL. He was also one This would go back and forth a number of times. : The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is (, : This can be best described as "composing and The Big Bands of swing were only able to acquire one-night stand performances and consequently suffered financially. The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. clip on the basic jazz rhythm section. BERNSTEIN also incorporated Cool Williams is considered one of the great jazz pianists and one of the greatest performers from Kansas City. American sound has fascinated listeners, performers and composers around the In Kansas City, Bennie Motens and Count Basies bands had begun developing a looser type of big band arrangement that allowed for freer styles of soloing, giving rise to a unique Kansas City swing style in the 1930s. Jazz Big Band Grinnell College Musical Instrument Collection 0 His "C" A big band or jazz orchestra is a type of musical ensemble of jazz music that usually consists of ten or more musicians with four sections: saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section.Big bands originated during the early 1910s and dominated jazz in the early 1940s when swing was most popular. Some large contemporary European jazz ensembles play mostly avant-garde jazz using the instrumentation of the big bands. grooves), - ELLINGTON and William "Count" - jukebox Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? The Cotton Club started in Harlem before it moved downtown. [36]:p.31, Before 1910, social dance in America was dominated by steps such as the waltz and polka. The History Of Big Band Music In The United States Swing music ruled the airwaves and the dance floors throughout the 1930s to the mid-40s, and the artists that led swing bands became internationally beloved celebrities. A. (of the Dave Brubeck Quartet that also featured alto saxophonist Paul DESMOND), In the Henderson was a pianist and excellent arranger who wrote most of the musical arrangements that helped launch the success of Benny Goodmans orchestra. In the 1940s, an intensely virtuosic and How relevant do you believe the poem is today? [37] As jazz migrated from its New Orleans origin to Chicago and New York City, energetic, suggestive dances traveled with it. In the 1960s and 1970s, big band rock became popular by integrating such musical ingredients as progressive rock experimentation, jazz fusion, and the horn choirs often used in blues and soul music, with some of the most prominent groups including Chicago; Blood, Sweat and Tears; Tower of Power; and, from Canada, Lighthouse. Pianist and vocalist Sarah Vaughan also influenced many singers. But you also need to inject your style and personality into the music you make. But there were a few instrumental popular hits, such as Count Basie's "One O'Clock Jump" and Miller's "In the Mood." 3. Swing music was performed by a larger ensemble consisting of saxophones (sometimes also clarinets), trumpets, and trombones. Swing bands featured orchestras with sections of trumpets, saxophones, and. to jazz, These artists added new instrumentssuch as congas, other percussion instruments, timbales, maracas, and clavesand relied on powerful multi-rhythmic pulses to highlight jazz compositions within the big band as well as the small combo formats. Starting in the early 1900s, various jazz and traditions have Later, a fifth bass trombone was often added. world. Benny Goodman (19091986) was a superior clarinetist who began appearing on stage by the age of twelve. and Ph. Then circle the object of the preposition. Congress repealed the Volstead Act, a law that prohibited the manufacture, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages, in 1933. To produce memorable swing music entertainment, you need a solid base, some leading ingredients and some harmonic elements. The methods of dance bands marked a step away from New Orleans jazz. Unit 5 Paul Whiteman (18901967), called the King of Jazz, sought after talented top names for his band like Bing Crosby, Bix Beiderbecke, and Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey. Keyboards are the swing band equivalent of rice in Gumbo. "walking bass" accompaniment, - Harmony Jam Blues features a 12-bar blues pattern with each subsequent varied chorus ", One of the most common forms used in jazz Dance bands had made phonograph records since the days of ragtime. "call" and a group does some type of "response"), (2) it The Great Depression, which started with the stock market crash in 1929, and WWII which ended in 1945. Rockefeller Arts Center. Explain your opinion in a book review. - a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. ways. Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. Armstrong (nicknamed (1899-1974): The In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, This pattern reinforced the second and fourth beat of every measure and later became known as a back beat. Additionally, the drummer accommodated the improvisations of soloists, providing a non-intrusive, laid-back swing pattern. They were assisted by a band full of talent: Coleman Hawkins on tenor saxophone, Louis Armstrong on cornet, and multi-instrumentalist Benny Carter, whose career lasted into the 1990s.[1]. Improvisation: This can be best described as "composing and [25] Billy Strayhorn, for example, was a prolific composer and arranger, frequently collaborating with Duke Ellington, but rarely took on the role of bandleader, which was assumed by Ellington, who himself was a composer and arranger. Jazz played an important role in changing the socio-political landscape Theyre noticeable, but not overwhelming. "Call and Response" was a common musical device. With the exception of Jelly Roll Morton, who continued playing in the New Orleans style, bandleaders paid attention to the demand for dance music and created their own big bands. Jazz is America's The lyrics kept within these traditions. Guiding Principals. of Company B (1941). the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. and His Mother Called Him Bill, featured "Blood Count" and "Lotus Blossom," was a tribute album to . In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, Critics and historians refer to these groups as ghost bands because of the absence of their leaders and new personnel. Hickman relied on Ferde Grof, Whiteman on Bill Challis. [3] They incorporated elements of Broadway, Tin Pan Alley, ragtime, and vaudeville. Swing was hugely popular in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930s. For this reason the pianists left hand generally just played chords on the beat; while his right hand built rhythmic patterns around chords and chord tone, and especially guide tone often just playing arpeggios or simple bluesy licks. Jazz Appreciation ICQ #6 Review Guide.docx - Jazz was introduced with greater emphasis on the soloist. and ingenuity. New York in the late 1920s. West Side Story. PDF Chapter Six: "In the Mood": the Swing Era, 1935-1945 These smaller groups would play during intermissions of the larger band. As the soloistic improvisations intensified, bebop players such as saxophonist Charlie "Bird" PARKER often !/$v}5cliH_+B9W#PBY]C ::B) Examples include the Vienna Art Orchestra, founded in 1977, and the Italian Instabile Orchestra, active in the 1990s. Sometimes bandstands were too small, public address systems inadequate, pianos out of tune. instruments (one or more: Piano, The rhythm section would typically include piano, string bass, drum set, with occasional additions of guitar or other chordal/melody instruments. And this is where the term head comes from, meaning the original melody of the song that is, its all in your head, not written down on paper. Many musical styles contributed to its birth. 3 4 5 6 7 8, - Important New York figures of this time include Chick Webb, Jimmie Lunceford, and Duke Ellington. It was all about showmanship which is epitomised by people like Cab Calloway and Fats Waller. YouTube clip with basic piano chords). featuring trumpeter Chet BAKER). style known as SWING. (London: Paladin) 1987. Goodmans clarinet playing was a combination of great wit, precise musicianship, beautiful subtleties, and never-ending swing. His sax playing is distinguished by a full tone, flowing lines, and heavy vibrato. Swing did not always swing but rather involved jazz performers doing a jazz interpretation of pretty ballads. Later, They provide the base, the foundation on which the rest of the music can thrive. In Harlem, the creative and literary arts, Black musicals, and big band entertainment flourished within the movement known as the Harlem Renaissance, in which music played as great or possibly a greater role than literature. Duke Ellington wrote a song in 1931 titled It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing), and for a generation of music lovers those were words to live by. - a jazz choir (with or without instrumental accompaniment): Jazz combos often feature virtuoso performers, on [6] The legendary Paul Whiteman also featured a solo accordion in his ensemble. harmony, structure and instrumentation. In the late 1990s, there was a swing revival in the U.S. It began as an intensified rhythmic outgrowth of the black Rhythm & of the most creative composers in the history of jazz, particularly renowned Other female bands were led by trumpeter B. Typically the most prominent shows with the earliest time slots and largest audiences have bigger bands with horn sections while those in later time slots go with smaller, leaner ensembles. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_band&oldid=1142698476, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 22:19. The most basic element of a song is also one of the most important a good rhythm. He received his BA in Political Science from the University of Chicago and an M.A. - 3. His music was a combination of solo and ensemble playing. The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 19301945. Pop Brass Sample Libraries: A Buyers Guide - Sound On Sound premiered George GERSHWIN's Rhapsody in Blue and kicked off an The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. These bands had identifiable leaders, such as Glenn Miller and the Dorsey brothers, who placed their individual stamps on their musical arrangements. The International Sweethearts of Rhythm became known for its strong riffing brass section, heavy percussion, rhythmic sensibility, and dynamic blues playing heard in Jump Children.. Figure 2: Trumpeter Wynton Marsalis